THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

RIVERSIDE 


GIFT  OF 


Mrs.  Robert  C.  Cotton 


THE  SECRET  TREATIES  OF 
~~     AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

1879-1914 


BY 


DR.  ALFRED  :FRANZI§  PRIBRAM 

PROFESSOR  OF  HISTORY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  VIENNA 
ENGLISH  EDITION  BY 

ARCHIBALD   GARY  COOLIDGE 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY 


CAMBRIDGE 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

LONDON:  HUMPHREY  MILFORD 

OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

I92O 


THE  SECRET  TREATIES  OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 
VOLUME  I 

TEXTS  OF  THE  TREATIES 
AND  AGREEMENTS 

WITH  TRANSLATIONS 

BY 

DENYS  P.  MYERS 

AND 

J.  G.  D'ARCY  PAUL 


CAMBRIDGE 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

LONDON:  HUMPHREY  MILFORD 
OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

1920 


vr.J 


COPYRIGHT,  1920 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


PREFACE  BY  THE  AMERICAN 
EDITOR 

SOON  after  the  overthrow  of  the  imperial  government  of  Austria 
by  the  Revolution  in  November,  1918,  Professor  Franzis  Pribram 
of  the  University  of  Vienna,  a  historian  of  international  reputa- 
tion, was  fortunate  enough  to  obtain  access  to  the  secret  papers 
in  the  state  archives.  He  has  made  use  of  the  opportunities 
granted  to  him  to  produce  a  work  of  lasting  importance,  which 
is  now  in  the  process  of  completion  and  publication.  Hence- 
forth writers  about  the  political  history  of  Europe  during  the 
last  forty  years  will  turn  to  his  volumes  for  the  new  and  valuable 
information  that  he  is  offering  us.  He  has  not  attempted  a  gen- 
eral history  of  the  period,  and  —  as  he  himself  says  —  he  has  not 
consulted  other  archives  than  the  Austrian  ones,  so  that  his  re- 
searches, even  on  his  immediate  subject,  need  to  be  supple- 
mented elsewhere.  But  Austria  took  part  in  so  much  that  re- 
lated to  the  affairs  of  central  and  eastern  Europe  during  that 
time  that  her  archives  are  extraordinarily  rich  in  information 
concerning  them,  and  especially  concerning  the  famous  Triple 
Alliance  which  so  long  held  the  centre  of  the  stage.  She  was  not, 
it  is  true,  the  leading  member  of  the  partnership,  but  it  was  of 
more  vital  importance  to  her  than  to  the  other  two.  All  her 
political  questions,  even  her  internal  ones,  were  more  affected 
by  it.  She  was  more  menaced  by  outside  enemies,  for  she  had 
not  only  what  seemed  a  likely  foe  in  the  ever  growing  Russian 
Empire,  but  also  a  not  unlikely  one,  as  the  event  has  proved,  in 
Italy,  her  own  ally.  For  her  part,  though  traditionally  conserv- 
ative and  usually  peaceful,  she  never  renounced  territorial  am- 
bitions, and  as  the  years  went  on  her  foreign  policy  became  more 
and  more  interwoven  with  the  hopelessly  intricate  questions  of 
her  own  nationalities.  Under  such  conditions,  her  diplomats  and 
her  Foreign  Office  had,  at  least,  to  be  well  informed. 


VI  PREFACE  BY  THE  AMERICAN  EDITOR 

Professor  Pribram  naturally  writes  from  the  Austrian  point  of 
view,  but  with  a  dispassionateness  that  is  extraordinary  for  one 
who  has  just  seen  his  country  ruined  by  a  disastrous  war  which 
has  left  her  but  a  fragment  of  her  former  self.  We  cannot  but 
admire  the  calmness  and  moderation  with  which  he  writes  of 
things  so  near  to  him  and  so  closely  connected  with  the  present 
catastrophe.  Even  when  his  statements  occasionally  betray  a  not 
unnatural  bias,  there  has  been  little  temptation  to  comment  upon 
or  to  modify  them. 

In  the  German  edition,  Professor  Pribram's  first  volume  con- 
tains not  only  all  his  treaty  texts,  but  also  a  second  part  with 
his  story  of  the  negotiations  that  preceded  the  signatures  of  the 
five  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  He  promises  that  informa- 
tion on  his  other  treaties  and  agreements  will  soon  follow.  But 
as  the  English  edition  comprises  translations  as  well  as  texts, 
thereby  almost  doubling  the  treaty  matter,  the  negotiations  that 
led  to  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance  have  been  left  till  the 
next  volume.  I  have  included,  however,  the  introduction, 
which  comes  just  before  the  second  part,  and  two  supplementary 
agreements  which  stand  after  it,  instead  of  being  put  in  with  the 
others  in  the  first  part  —  presumably  because  they  do  not  be- 
long to  quite  the  same  category.  One  of  these  is  the  so-called 
'  Reinsurance  Treaty,'  in  which  Austria  had  no  share;  the  other 
is  a  naval  convention  between  Germany,  Austria,  and  Italy,  con- 
cluded only  a  year  before  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War.  It 
seems  best  here  to  publish  them  with  the  rest  rather  than  have 
them  wait  over  till  another  volume. 

Circumstances  have  interrupted  all  communication  with  Pro- 
fessor Pribram  during  the  time  that  this  first  part  of  the  transla- 
tion of  his  work  has  been  put  into  print.  Since  receiving  his 
material,  I  have  had  to  act  without  consultation  with  him.  In 
general,  the  original  of  his  text  has  been  followed  as  closely  as 
possible  in  the  translation.  I  have  only  felt  free  to  alter  the 
wording  in  such  things  as  explanatory  headings,  footnotes,  and 
a  portion  of  the  preface  which  did  not  apply  to  the  book  as 
brought  out  in  English  form.  The  translations  of  the  treaty 
texts  and  other  matter  have  been  made  by  Mr.  Denys  P.  Myers 


PREFACE  BY  THE  AMERICAN  EDITOR  Vll 

and  Mr.  J.  G.  D'Arcy  Paul  —  Mr.  Myers  more  particularly  doing 
the  French,  and  Mr.  Paul,  the  German  —  though  they  have  had 
the  help  of  advice  and  suggestion  from  others.  Owing  to  the 
fact  that  it  was  desirable  to  bring  out  the  translation  at  about 
the  same  time  as  the  original,  the  work  has  perforce  been  done 
with  more  haste  than  one  could  have  desired. 

My  thanks  are  due,  not  only  to  the  translators,  but  to  other 
friends  who  have  cooperated,  and  especially  to  Professor  G.  G. 
Wilson,  my  colleague,  and  to  Mr.  G.  W.  Robinson,  for  his  care 
and  patience  in  reading  the  proof. 


PREFACE 

THIS  work,  the  first  volume  of  which  I  am  herewith  giving  to  the 
public,  is  intended  as  the  preliminary  to  a  history  of  the  foreign 
policy  of  Austria-Hungary  for  the  period  between  the  conclusion 
of  the  German-Austro-Hungarian  Alliance  of  October  7,  1879, 
and  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War  in  1914.  It  contains  the 
secret  treaties  concluded  with  various  European  Powers  during 
these  years  by  the  cabinet  of  Vienna,  and  the  history  of  the  nego- 
tiations which  preceded  their  signature.  I  regard  a  knowledge 
of  these  documents  as  indispensable  to  a  deeper  insight  into  the 
plans  and  actions  of  the  leading  statesmen  of  the  Danubian 
Monarchy. 

Up  to  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War  the  only  one  of  all  these 
treaties  to  be  known  —  and  that  only  partially  —  was  the  one 
concluded  on  October  7,  1879,  between  Germany  and  Austria- 
Hungary.  During  the  course  of  the  war  the  two  treaties  con- 
cluded between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  in  1900-01  and  1909 
regarding  the  Balkans,  and  especially  Albania,  were  published 
in  the  Austro-Hungarian  Red  Book  of  1915,  together  with  four 
articles  from  one  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  while 
Germany  very  recently  made  public  the  German-Austro- 
Hungarian-Russian  agreement  of  1881,  taken  from  the  Russian 
archives.  All  the  other  treaties  given  in  this  work  were,  as  re- 
gards their  wording,  unknown  until  now.1 

We  possessed  but  one  account  based  on  reliable  sources  of  the 
negotiations  preceding  the  conclusion  of  the  various  treaties  - 
E.  von  Wertheimer's  Graf  Julius  Andrdssy,  dealing  with  the 
German-Austro-Hungarian  Alliance  of  October  7,  1879.  In  the 
present  work  light  is  thrown  for  the  first  time  on  all  the  other 
treaty  negotiations.  It  was  not  possible  for  me  to  offer  an 
uninterrupted  account,  for  only  the  acts  of  the  Vienna  State 

1  But  see  p.  275,  note.     A.  C.  C. 
be 


X  PREFACE 

Archives  were  at  my  disposal,  and  these,  in  spite  of  their  rich- 
ness, did  not  permit  of  a  complete  solution  of  all  questions  which 
arose.  In  the  interests  of  research  it  is  therefore  greatly  to  be 
desired  that  the  leading  statesmen  of  the  other  countries  signa- 
tory to  the  treaties  should  open  their  state  archives  to  serious 
students  for  investigation  as  generously  as  the  Austrian  Republic 
has  done. 

The  printing  of  the  treaty  texts  follows  as  a  rule  the  original 
document  of  Austria-Hungary  or  her  cosignatories  as  found  in 
the  Vienna  Archives.  When  the  original  is  not  in  the  possession 
of  the  Vienna  Government,  as  in  the  case  of  an  exchange  of 
notes,  there  is  given  in  its  place  the  certified  copy  of  a  draft,  the 
literal  conformity  of  which  with  the  original  document  destined 
for  exchange  has  been  vouched  for  through  an  official  notation. 
The  orthography  of  the  original  — •  which,  moreover,  cannot 
always  be  called  correct,  and  certainly  not  consistent  —  has  in 
general  been  followed.  Exception  is  made  only  with  regard  to 
punctuation  and  in  the  use  of  large  and  small  initial  letters  in 
accordance  with  the  present  usage  of  the  respective  languages. 
Repetitions  of  the  wording  of  a  treaty  on  the  occasion  of  its  re- 
newal —  as,  for  instance,  in  the  case  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple 
Alliance  themselves,  and  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
Powers  with  Rumania  —  may  be  recognized  by  the  use  of  in- 
verted commas.2  The  reader  is  thus  enabled  to  judge  at  a  glance 
in  what  respects  the  new  treaty  differs  from  the  treaty  concluded 
previously  with  regard  to  the  same  subject. 

This  repeated  renewal  of  various  agreements  also  led  me  to 
depart  from  the  chronological  order  in  presenting  the  treaty 
negotiations.  A  strict  adherence  to  this  order  would  have  de- 
stroyed the  connection  existing  between  many  treaties.  This  is 
primarily  true  of  the  five  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  They 
will  accordingly  be  taken  up  together  in  a  later  volume  and  then 
followed  successively  by  the  negotiations  which  preceded  the 
conclusion  of  the  agreements  between  Austria-Hungary  on  the 
one  hand  and  Russia,  Serbia,  Rumania,  Germany,  and  Italy  on 
the  other.  The  treaties  concluded  by  Austria-Hungary  with 

2  It  has  not  seemed  necessary  to  repeat  these  for  the  translations.    A.  C.  C. 


PREFACE  XI 

England  and  Spain  are  in  such  intimate  relation  to  the  Austro- 
Hungarian-Italian  treaties  that  they  are  dealt  with  together. 
The  work  will  be  terminated  by  a  condensed  review  of  Austro- 
Hungarian  treaty  policy  in  the  years  1879-1914. 

These  studies  have  no  relation  to  the  present  political  situa- 
tion. Least  of  all  are  they  intended  to  throw  new  light  on  that 
often  mooted  and,  to  my  thinking,  unprofitable  question  regard- 
ing the  amount  of  guilt  to  be  apportioned  to  various  persons  or 
various  nations  for  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War.  On  the 
other  hand,  I  shall  be  genuinely  pleased  if  my  work,  after  its 
completion,  should  be  regarded  as  a  contribution  —  no  matter 
how  modest  —  to  the  knowledge  of  the  deep-lying  causes  which 
led  to  the  mighty  struggles  of  these  last  years. 

I  take  this  occasion  to  offer  my  sincere  thanks  to  former 
Secretary  of  State  of  Foreign  Affairs  Dr.  Otto  Bauer,  to  the  two 
officials  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Archives,  Hofrat  Profes- 
sor Dr.  Oswald  Redlich  and  Professor  Dr.  Ludo  Moritz  Hart- 
mann,  and  in  particular  to  Vice-Director  Sektionsrat  Professor 
Dr.  Ludwig  Bittner,  for  the  assistance  they  rendered  me  in  my 
task. 


CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION 3 

TREATIES 18 

1.  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 18 

(a)  Protocol  between  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  German  Govern- 
ments describing  the  preliminary  steps  towards  an  Alliance. 
Vienna,  September  24,  1879 18 

(b)  Joint  Memorandum  signed  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  the 
German  Plenipotentiaries  outlining  the  purposes  of  the  Alli- 
ance.    Vienna,  September  24,  1879 22 

(c)  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany. 
October  7,  1879 24 

2.  MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION  OF  POLICY  IN  REGARD  TO  THE  RELA- 

TION OF  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  TO  THE  LEAGUE 

OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS.     1881 32 

3.  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  OF  1881 36 

(a)  Convention  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire, 

and  Russia.     Berlin,  June  18,  1881 36 

(b)  Separate  Protocol  on  the  same  date  to  the  Convention  of 
Berlin.    June  18,  1881      42 

(c)  Additional  Protocol  to  the  Convention  of  June  18,  1881. 
Berlin,  June  27,  1881 46 

(d)  Proces-verbal  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  Conven- 
tion of  June  18,  1881.     Berlin,  June  27, 1881 48 

4.  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 50 

(a)  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Serbia. 
Belgrade,  June  16/28,  1881      50 

(b)  Personal  Declaration  of  Prince  Milan  that  he  would  carry  out 

the  Treaty  without  restrictions 56 

(c)  Declaration  of  the  Governments  of  Austria-Hungary  and  of 
Serbia  in  regard  to  the  meaning  of  Article  IV 60 

5.  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882 64 

(a)  First  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  Ger- 
many, and  Italy.    Vienna,  May  20,  1882 64 

(b)  Additional  Declaration  of  Italy  that  the  provisions  of  the 
Alliance  could  not  be  regarded  as  directed  against  England. 
Rome,  May  22,  1882 68 

xiii 


XIV  CONTENTS 

(c)  Declaration  of  Austria-Hungary  similar  to  the  Italian  one. 
Vienna,  May  28,  1882 70 

(d)  Declaration  of  Germany  similar  to  the  Italian  one.     Berlin, 
May  28,  1882 70 

6.  PROLONGATION  or  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE.    1883  ...       74 

Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany  in  regard 
to  the  prolongation  of  the  Austro-German  Alliance  of  1879. 
Vienna,  March  22,  1883 74 

7.  ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  AND  WITH  GER- 

MANY AND  WITH  ITALY.    1883  AND  1888 78 

(a)   Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania. 

Vienna,  October  30,  1883 78 

(6)  Treaty  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany.  Vienna, 

October  30,  1883 82 

(c)  Treaty  providing  for  the  accession  of  Italy.  Vienna,  May  15, 

1888 84 

8.  PROLONGATION  OF  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS.    1884      90 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Russia,  con- 
cerning the  prolongation  of  their  Treaty  of  1881 90 

9.  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN,  ITALY,  AND 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  IN  1887 94 

(a)   Italian  Note  to  the  British  Government  in  regard  to  a  Medi- 
terranean Agreement.    London,  February  12,  1887   ....       94 
(ft)    British  Note  to  the  Italian  Government  in  regard  to  a  Medi- 
terranean Agreement.    London,  February  12,  1887   .    .    .    .       96 

(c)  Accession  of  Austria-Hungary  to  the  Agreement.    London, 
March  24,  1887 98 

(d)  Italian  acknowledgment  of  the  accession  of  Austria-Hungary. 
London,  March  24,  1887 100 

(e)  British  acknowledgment  of  the  accession  of  Austria-Hungary. 
London,  March  24,  1887 102 

10.  SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE.    1887 104 

(a)  The  second  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  between  Austria- 
Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and  Italy.    Berlin,  February 

20,  1887 104 

(b)  Separate  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy.     Ber- 
lin, February  20,  1887 106 

(c)  Separate  Treaty  between  the  German  Empire  and  Italy. 
Berlin,  February  20,  1887 no 

(d)  Final  Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Em- 
pire, and  Italy.     February  20,  1887 ,    .    ,    .    .     114 


CONTENTS  XV 

11.  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  ITALY  AND  SPAIN.    1887    116 

(a)  Spanish  Note  to  Italy  proposing  a  Mediterranean  Agreement. 
Madrid,  May  4,  1887       116 

(b)  Italian  reply  to  Spanish  Note.    Madrid,  May  4,  1887  ...  118 

(c)  Accession  of  Austria-Hungary.     May  21,  1887 120 

12.  SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  GREAT  BRIT- 

AIN, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  AND  ITALY.     1887 124 

(a)  Austrian  Note  to  Great  Britain  proposing  a  further  Agree- 
ment in  the  Mediterranean.    London,  December  12,  1887  .  124 

(b)  British  reply  to  Austrian  Note.    London,  December  12,  1887  128 

(c)  Italian  confirmation  of  the  Agreement 130 

13.  PROLONGATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY.    1889  .   .   .  134 
(c)   Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Serbia  prolonging  the 

Treaty  of  1881.    Belgrade,  January  28/February  9,  1889  .     134 
(b)    Declaration  of  the  Serbian  Regents  recognizing  the  Treaties  of 

1881  and  1889.     Belgrade,  March  7/19,  1889 138 

14.  PROLONGATION  OF  THE  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN 

SPAIN  AND  ITALY.    1891 142 

(a)  Italian-Spanish  Protocol  relating  to  the  prolongation  of  the 
Agreement.     Madrid,  May  4,  1891 142 

(b)  Spanish  Note  to  Italy  regarding  Morocco.     May  4,  1891  .    .  144 

(c)  Accession  of  Austria-Hungary  to  the  Protocol  and  Note. 
Madrid,  May  4,  1891 146 

15.  THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE.     1891 150 

(a)  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.     Berlin,  May  6,  1891 150 

(b)  Final  Protocol  to  the  Treaty 160 

1 6.  SECOND  TREATY  OF  ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA- 

HUNGARY,  GERMANY,  AND  ITALY.    1892 164 

(c)  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania. 
Sinaia,  July  13/25,  1892 164 

(b)  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Rumania 
providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the  Alliance. 
Bucharest,  November  11/23,  ^92 168 

(c)  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy  to  the  Alliance.    November  28,  1892     .    .     170 

17.  PROLONGATION  OF  THE  ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA- 

HUNGARY,  GERMANY,  AND  ITALY.    1896      174 

(a)  Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  regarding 

the  prolongation  of  the  Alliance.     Sinaia,  September  30,  1896     174 

(b)  Accession  of  the  German  Empire  to  the  Protocol.    Berlin, 
May  7,  1899 176 


xvi  CONTENTS 

(c)  Acknowledgment  by  Austria-Hungary  of  the  German  acces- 
sion to  the  Protocol.     Berlin,  May  15,  1899 178 

(d)  Accession  of  Italy  to  the  Protocol.    Rome,  June  5,  1899  .    .     180 

18.  AusTRO-RussiAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT.    1897 184 

(a)  Despatch  from  the  Austrian  Government  to  the  Ambassador 
hi  St.  Petersburg  containing  the  Agreement  reached  between 
Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  hi  regard  to  Balkan  affairs. 
Vienna,  May  8,  1897 184 

(b)  Note  of  the  Russian  Government  to  the  Austrian  Ambassador 

in  St.  Petersburg  in  regard  to  the  Balkan  Agreement     ...     100 

19.  AUSTRO-lTALIAN  AGREEMENT  CONCERNING  ALBANIA.      1900    .     .       196 

(a)  Despatch  of  the  Italian  Government  to  the  Ambassador  in 
Vienna  containing  the  Agreement  between  Austria-Hungary 
and  Italy  in  regard  to  Albania.  Rome,  December  20,  1900  .  196 

(6)  Despatch  in  acknowledgment  from  the  Austrian  Government 

to  the  Ambassador  in  Rome.  Vienna,  February  9,  1901  .  .  198 

20.  THIRD   TREATY   OF   ALLIANCE   OF   RUMANIA   WITH   AUSTRIA- 

HUNGARY,  GERMANY,  AND  ITALY.    1902      202 

(a)   Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  renewing 

the  Alliances  of  1892  and  1896.    Bucharest,  April  4/17,  1902     202 
(6)    Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 
Rumania  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the  Alli- 
ance.   Sinaia,  July  12/25,  JQ02 208 

(c)  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy  to  the  Alliance.    December  12,  1902  .    .    .     210 

21.  PROTOCOL  PROLONGING  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE.    1902     216 

Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  the  German  Empire 
concerning  the  continuation  of  the  Treaty  of  1879  and  the 
Protocol  of  1883.  Berlin,  June  i,  1902 216 

22.  FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE.    1902     220 

(a)  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.     Berlin,  June  28,  1902 220 

(b)  Final  Protocol  to  the  Treaty.     Berlin,  June  28,  1902     .    .    .     230 

(c)  Austrian  Declaration  to  Italy  concerning  Tripoli.     Rome, 
June  30,  1902 232 

(d)  Note  of  the  Italian  Government  acknowledging  the  Austrian 
Declaration  concerning  Tripoli.    Rome,  June  30,  1902  .    .     234 

23.  AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE   OF    MUTUAL    NEUTRALITY.      1904    .     .       236 

Joint  Declaration  of  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  in  regard  to 
the  maintenance  of  neutrality  by  either  if  the  other  is  at  war. 
St.  Petersburg,  October  2/15,  1904 236 


CONTENTS  xvii 

24.  AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  CONCERNING  ARTICLE  VII  OF  THE 

TRIPLE  ALLIANCE.     1909 240 

Agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  explaining 
and  supplementing  Article  VII  of  the  Treaty  of  the  Triple 
Alliance  of  1887.  Vienna,  November  30;  Rome,  December 
15,  i9°9 240 

25.  FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE.    1912 244 

(a)  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.    Vienna,  December  5,  1912 244 

(b)  First  Final  Protocol  concerning  the  mutual  granting  of  com- 
mercial advantages,  and  concerning  means  of  bringing  about 
the  accession  of  Great  Britain  to  the  Articles  of  the  Treaty 
relating  to  Mediterranean  questions.    Vienna,  December  5, 
1912 254 

(c)  Second  Final  Protocol  concerning  North  Africa,  Albania,  and 
Novi-Bazar.     Vienna,  December  5, 1912 256 

26.  FOURTH  TREATY  OF  ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA- 

HUNGARY,  GERMANY,  AND  ITALY.    1913 260 

(a)  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  renewing  the 
Alliances  of  1892,  1896,  and  1903.    Bucharest,  February  5, 
1913 260 

(b)  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 
Rumania  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the  Alli- 
ance.    Bucharest,  February  13/26,  1913 266 

(c)  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy.     Bucharest,  March  5,  1913 268 

SUPPLEMENTARY 

27.  THE  '  REINSURANCE  TREATY  '  OF  1887 274 

(c)   Treaty  between  Germany  and  Russia.    Berlin,  June  18, 1887  274 

(b)    Additional  Protocol.     Berlin,  June  18,  1887 278 

28.  NAVAL  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  THE  GERMAN 

EMPIRE,  AND  ITALY 282 

Naval  Agreement  prepared  between  the  Naval  Section  of  the 
Austrian  War  Ministry,  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the  German 
Navy,  and  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the  Italian  Navy.  Pre- 
pared in  draft,  June  -23,  1913.  Revised,  August  2,  1913. 
Came  into  force,  November  i,  1913 282 

INDEX  OF  NAMES 307 


TEXTS  OF  THE  TREATIES  AND 

AGREEMENTS 
WITH  TRANSLATIONS 


INTRODUCTION 

FOR  a  whole  generation  the  Triple  Alliance  exerted  a  decisive 
influence  upon  the  politics  of  all  Europe.  It  was  the  subject  of 
countless  debates  in  the  parliaments  of  the  three  allied  states; 
it  has  been  an  object  of  unceasing  concern  to  public  opinion  the 
world  over.  A  series  of  voluminous  works  and  many  smaller 
treatises  have  been  devoted  to  it.  Down  to  the  present  day,  how- 
ever, we  have  known  neither  the  text  of  the  treaties  underlying 
the  Triple  Alliance  nor  the  course  of  the  negotiations  which 
resulted  in  its  formation. 

The  leading  statesmen  of  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  and 
Italy  have  often  discussed  the  contents  of  the  treaties,  but  al- 
ways in  the  most  general  terms,  limiting  themselves  to  the  state- 
ment that  the  Triple  Alliance  had  purely  defensive  aims:  the 
maintenance  of  peace  on  the  territorial  bases  created  by  the 
national  unification  of  Germany  and  of  Italy,  and  by  the  recon- 
struction of  Austria-Hungary  in  the  year  1867,  followed  by  the 
occupation  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  in  1878.  "  An  insurance 
company,"  as  Prince  Billow  characterized  it  in  1902,  "not  a  com- 
pany for  profit."  All  the  other  statements  which  occasionally 
leaked  into  publicity  concerning  the  contents  and  the  duration  of 
the  treaties  were  contradictory,  and  were  more  calculated  to  con- 
fuse than  to  inform.  Bismarck,  it  was  reported,  had  declared 
that  the  tenor  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance  would  never 
be  made  public,  even  after  the  Alliance  had  ceased  to  have  legal 
force.  Fostered  by  this  assertion,  fantastic  rumors  concerning 
the  stipulations  made  by  the  several  allies  found  wide  circulation 
and  ready  credence.  Just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War, 
several  serious  attempts  were  made  accurately  to  determine  the 
contents  of  the  several  treaties,  but,  taken  all  in  all,  these  at- 
tempts came  to  nothing.1  Thus  it  came  about,  that  on  the  dis- 

1  Of  the  treatises  whose  authors  undertook  the  laborious  and  thankless  task  of 
determining  accurately  the  contents  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  only  the 


4  INTRODUCTION 

ruption  of  the  Triple  Alliance  by  Italy  in  1915,  no  one  had  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  tenor  of  the  treaties,  aside  from  the 
surviving  statesmen  and  diplomats  who  had  participated  in 
framing  and  executing  them:  certainly  an  honorable  testimony 
to  the  discretion  of  a  class  against  which  the  reproach  of  indis- 
cretion has  so  often,  and  not  unjustly,  been  made. 

Since  then  a  period  of  more  than  four  years  has  elapsed,  and 
still  the  veil  of  secrecy  which  surrounded  the  treaties  of  the  Triple 
Alliance  has  not  been  lifted.  In  the  summer  of  1915,  to  be  sure, 
the  Austro-Hungarian  government  published  four  articles  of  one 
of  the  treaties  in  question,  thus  furnishing  the  first  authentic 
contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  their  contents.  It  was  learned 
that  the  three  powers  had  reciprocally  promised  friendship  and 
peace.  They  had  also  agreed  to  enter  upon  an  exchange  of  views 
upon  political  and  economic  questions  of  a  general  nature,  and  to 
pledge  their  support  to  one  another  within  the  limits  of  their  par- 
ticular interests  (Article  i).  Reciprocal  assistance  backed  by  full 
military  strength  was  to  be  rendered  whenever  one  or  two  of  the 
signatories  were  attacked  by  two  or  more  of  the  Great  Powers 
without  direct  challenge  on  their  part  (Article  3).  In  case  one  of 
them  should,  through  the  menaces  of  a  Great  Power  not  a  party 
to  the  treaty,  become  involved  in  a  war  with  such  a  power,  the 
other  two  signatories  were  under  all  conditions  to  observe  a 
benevolent  neutrality  towards  their  ally.  Furthermore,  it  was 
left  to  the  judgment  of  each  of  them,  whether  or  not  to  participate 
in  such  a  passage  at  arms  by  the  side  of  its  ally  (Article  4).  The 
last  of  the  articles  published  (7)  concerned  Austria-Hungary  and 
Italy  alone.  It  determined  when,  and  under  what  conditions, 
one  of  these  powers  was  to  enter  upon  temporary  or  permanent 
occupation  of  territories  in  the  Balkans  or  on  the  Ottoman 
coasts  of  the  Adriatic  or  the  Aegean  Sea.  The  presupposition 
was  that  such  occupation  should  take  place  only  upon  previous 
agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy.  Such  an  agree- 

two  most  important  need  be  cited  here:  H.  Friedjung,  "  Der  Inhalt  des  Drei- 
bundes,"  in  Der  Greif,  October,  1913;  and  H.  F.  Helmolt,  "  Der  Inhalt  des  Drei- 
bundes:  Eine  diplomatische  Untersuchung,"  printed  as  an  appendix  to  A.  Singer's 
GesckictUe  des  Dreibundes  (1914),  pp.  249  ff. 


INTRODUCTION  5 

ment  would  be  on  the  basis  of  reciprocal  indemnification  for 
every  territorial  or  other  advantage  over  and  beyond  the  existing 
status  quo. 

Through  these  disclosures  the  darkness  that  had  enshrouded 
the  purport  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance  was  in  part  dis- 
pelled. Perfect  clearness,  however,  had  not  yet  been  attained. 
The  fragmentary  nature  of  what  had  been  made  public  became 
clear  merely  through  reference  to  the  fact  that  Articles  2,5,  and 
6  were  missing.  That  Article  7,  the  last  of  those  published,  was 
followed  by  still  others  was  to  be  assumed  with  considerable  con- 
fidence. Furthermore,  no  hint  had  been  given  as  to  which  of  the 
treaties  contained  the  four  published  articles.  The  contradic- 
tions and  obscurities  to  which  any  critical  examination  of  the 
published  articles  was  bound  to  lead  were  also  justly  pointed 
out.2  But  once  more,  every  attempt  to  penetrate  the  secret  of 
the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance  was  doomed  to  failure,  "  through 
the  very  nature  of  the  matter,  which  offers,  as  it  were,  a  passive 
resistance  even  to  the  most  acute  inferences,"  as  one  of  the  most 
zealous  critics  put  it.  All  the  more  insistently  was  the  desire  ex- 
pressed finally  to  have  access  to  the  complete  text  of  the  treaties 
of  the  Triple  Alliance,  and  to  know  the  course  of  the  negotiations 
which  culminated  in  the  formation  of  the  Alliance. 

To  satisfy  this  wish  is  the  aim  of  the  present  work.  The  text  of 
the  several  treaties  now  becomes  available  in  its  entirety,  though 
not  the  negotiations  leading  up  to  the  treaties.  Having  access 
only  to  the  documents  of  the  State  Archive  at  Vienna,  the  author 
is  unable  to  give  a  consecutive  account  of  the  course  of  these 
negotiations.  This  is  true  especially  of  those  stipulations  of  the 
treaties  which  exclusively  concerned  Germany  and  Italy.  The 
cabinet  at  Vienna,  to  be  sure,  was  informed  of  these  stipulations, 
but  it  had  no  part  in  the  negotiations,  which  were  carried  on 

1  W.  Fraknoi,  Kritische  Studien  zur  GesckicfUe  des  Dreibundes  (1917),  pp.  30  ff. 
(previously  published  in  the  Deutsche  Revue,  January,  1916).  H.  F.  Helmolt, 
"  Unser  Wissen  vom  Dreibund,"  in  Zeitschrifl  fiir  VSlkerrecht,  x  (1917-18),  pp.  20  ff.; 
and  "  Dreibundliteratur,"  ibid.,  xi,  pp.  282  ff.  In  this  latter  article  Helmolt  gives 
a  German  translation  of  an  attempted  reconstruction  undertaken  by  the  anony- 
mous author  of  "  La  Politica  estera  italiana,  1875-1911,"  in  Bibl.  di  Politico  cstera, 
1916,  pp.  373  ff. 


6  INTRODUCTION 

directly  between  Berlin  and  Rome;  the  Austro-Hungarian  min- 
isters learned  only  so  much  of  the  course  of  these  negotiations  as 
seemed  proper  to  the  German  and  Italian  statesmen. 

The  frequently  expressed  surmise  that  these  negotiations  prob- 
ably had  a  long  and  stormy  course  is  confirmed  by  the  present 
investigation.  In  order  to  limit  the  scope  of  the  work  as  much  as 
possible,  the  general  political  conditions  under  which  the  nego- 
tiations were  carried  on  have  been  discussed  only  in  so  far  as  is 
necessary  for  a  proper  understanding.  It  is  not  the  purpose 
of  this  work  to  give  the  history  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  but  merely 
that  of  the  treaties  on  which  this  Alliance  was  founded.  For  the 
same  reason  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  sketch  the  characters 
of  the  leading  persons  involved,  or  to  pass  judgment  upon  what 
they  achieved. 

However,  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  sketch  briefly  in  this 
introductory  chapter  the  most  important  results  obtained  by  a 
study  of  the  documents.  The  reader  will  thus  find  it  easier  to 
follow  the  course  of  the  negotiations,  which  is  often  intricate 
enough. 

Let  it  be  emphasized  first  of  all  that  the  Triple  Alliance  is  by 
no  means  to  be  regarded  as  supplanting  the  Austro-Hungarian- 
German  treaty  of  October  7,  1879.  On  the  contrary,  it  did  not 
impair  the  validity  of  that  treaty  in  any  way.  Independently 
of  the  treaty  which  the  Central  Powers  concluded  with  Italy  in 
1882  (a  treaty  four  times  renewed),  the  Austro-Hungarian- 
German  treaty,  from  October,  1879,  to  the  outbreak  of  the  World 
War,  constituted  the  basis  of  action  of  the  Central  Powers  in  all 
questions  of  foreign  policy,  most  especially  as  concerns  their  re- 
lation to  Russia.  For  in  none  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
is  Russia  mentioned  as  that  power,  upon  whose  single  and  un- 
provoked attack  upon  one  of  the  allies  the  casus  foederis  was  to 
be  considered  established  for  the  other  two.  The  duty  of  giving 
aid  in  this  case  devolved  exclusively  upon  Germany  and  Austria- 
Hungary,  to  the  extent  provided  for  in  the  treaty  of  October, 
1879. 

Furthermore,  it  may  be  pointed  out,  in  this  connection,  that 
the  repeated  assertion  that  the  two  powers  had,  as  early  as  1879, 


INTRODUCTION  7 

agreed  upon  the  automatic  continuance  of  the  treaty,  is  based  on 
error.  The  German- Austro-Hungarian  treaty  of  October,  1879, 
was  concluded  for  five  years,  and  was  renewed  in  1883  for  a  defi- 
nitely limited  period.  Not  until  the  year  1902  was  the  special 
agreement  made  (see  p.  216),  whereby  it  was  henceforth  to  be 
automatically  extended  at  the  end  of  each  three-year  term,  unless 
one  of  the  signatory  powers  availed  itself  of  its  privilege  to  give 
two  years'  notice  of  its  intention  to  abrogate  the  treaty.  Hence- 
forth the  treaty  between  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary  also 
contained  a  formal  statement  of  that  prospective  unlimited 
duration  which  Bismarck  had  wished  to  give  to  it  when  it  was 
first  concluded. 

The  first  treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  with  a  five-year  term, 
was  signed  on  May  20,  1882.  It  contained  Articles  1,3,  and  4, 
published  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  government  in  1915,  the 
contents  of  which  have  already  been  given.  Of  the  remaining 
articles  of  the  treaty,  the  most  important  is  the  one  binding 
Austria-Hungary  and  Germany  to  aid  Italy  with  their  entire 
military  strength  in  case  she  should  be  attacked  without  provo- 
cation by  France  (Article  2).  Italy  alone  assumed  a  similar 
obligation  towards  Germany;  Austria-Hungary  did  not.  The 
latter  was  to  aid  the  German  Empire  against  France  only  in  case 
another  Great  Power  aligned  itself  with  France.  Nor  was  Italy 
bound  to  give  armed  assistance  to  Austria-Hungary  in  case  the 
latter  should  be  attacked  without  provocation  by  Russia  alone. 
By  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  Italy  was  in  this  case  bound  merely  to 
observe  a  benevolent  neutrality  towards  Austria-Hungary.  For 
Germany  also,  as  has  been  already  mentioned,  the  treaty  of  the 
Triple  Alliance  contained  no  stipulation  which  would  have  com- 
pelled her  participation  in  a  war  provoked  by  an  attack  of 
Russia  upon  Austria-Hungary.  Germany  was  pledged  to  such 
participation  only  through  the  treaty  of  October  7,  1879,  of 
which  the  Italian  government  had  no  knowledge  in  1882. 

A  guaranty  of  the  possessions  of  the  three  allies,  especially  of 
Rome  to  Italy,  which  was  repeatedly  mentioned  as  an  estab- 
lished fact  in  the  literature  on  the  subject,  was  expressed  neither 
in  the  first  nor  in  any  of  the  subsequent  treaties  of  the  Triple 


8  INTRODUCTION 

Alliance.  To  be  sure,  there  was  no  lack  of  attempts  in  this 
direction  by  the  Italian  statesmen  during  the  negotiations  which 
preceded  the  conclusion  of  the  first  of  the  treaties  of  the  Triple 
Alliance;  but  their  efforts  were  frustrated  by  the  firm  refusal 
of  the  cabinet  of  Vienna  to  heed  Italy's  wishes.  Nor  was  Italy 
more  successful  in  having  inserted  in  the  treaty  stipulations  con- 
cerning the  promotion  of  Italy's  colonial  plans  or  the  combina- 
tion of  Austria's  future  territorial  acquisitions  in  the  Balkans 
with  Italian  claims  on  the  Trentino. 

One  of  the  new  and  important  results  of  the  present  investi- 
gation is  doubtless  the  proof  that  Italy  even  at  that  time  desired 
to  bring  about  England's  entrance  into  the  Triple  Alliance. 
Her  ami  was  thus  to  protect  herself  by  sea  also  against  further 
French  plans  of  conquest  in  the  territories  bordering  on  the  Medi- 
terranean. These  efforts  were  checkmated  at  the  tune  by  the 
opposition  of  Bismarck;  however,  Italy  so  far  succeeded  in 
carrying  her  point  that  a  protocol  was  attached  to  the  treaty  ex- 
pressly emphasizing  the  fact  that  the  Triple  Alliance  pursued  no 
arms  hostile  to  England. 

This  stipulation  was  quite  in  accordance  with  the  strictly  de- 
fensive character  of  the  treaty  of  1882,  which  Italy's  statesmen 
at  that  time  tried  to  emphasize  as  strongly  as  possible.  While 
the  Central  Powers,  however,  clung  steadfastly  to  this  idea  down 
to  the  dissolution  of  the  alliance,  Italy,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
following  statements,  had  already  abandoned  it  in  the  negotia- 
tions which  preceded  the  second  treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 
This  she  did  in  order  to  satisfy  her  desire  for  an  expansion  of  her 
sphere  of  influence  in  the  Balkans  and  in  the  territories  bordering 
on  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  to  be  ascribed  solely  to  Italy's 
incessant  urging  that  the  second  treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance, 
concluded  on  February  20,  1887,  for  another  term  of  five  years, 
no  longer  exhibits  the  purely  defensive  nature  characteristic  of 
the  first  treaty.  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany  were  now 
pledged  to  participate  in  wars  which  could  no  longer  be  regarded 
as  a  defence  against  unprovoked  attacks  of  a  hostile  Great 
Power.  Italy,  it  is  true,  did  not  succeed  hi  carrying  her  demands 
to  their  full  extent.  The  cabinet  of  Vienna  refused  most  em- 


INTRODUCTION  9 

phatically  to  enter  upon  engagements  which  might  embroil 
Austria-Hungary  in  a  war  with  France  for  the  sake  of  Italy's 
Mediterranean  programme.  Prince  Bismarck,  on  his  part,  was 
most  desirous  of  keeping  Germany,  so  far  as  possible,  aloof  from 
all  active  participation  in  Balkan  wars  —  if  only  on  account  of 
Russia.  After  protracted  and  heated  negotiations,  which  several 
tunes  threatened  to  miscarry,  a  compromise  was  finally  resorted 
to  in  order  to  avoid  a  break.  This  compromise,  presumably 
adopted  on  Bismarck's  initiative,  provided  for  a  division  of  the 
obligations  to  be  assumed  by  Germany  and  Austria.  To  this 
end  three  treaties  were  concluded  in  1887. 

The  first  treaty,  signed  by  the  representatives  of  all  three 
powers,  merely  repeated  the  contents  of  the  treaty  of  1882.  The 
second,  a  separate  treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy, 
concerns  the  Balkan  questions.  Its  stipulations  agree  exactly 
with  those  which  subsequently  appeared  as  Article  7  in  the  treaty 
of  1891  and  the  subsequent  renewals.  These  stipulations,  as  has 
already  been  said,  were  published  in  1915  by  the  Austro-Hun- 
garian  government.  The  third,  a  separate  treaty  between  Ger- 
many and  Italy,  contains  among  other  provisions  a  stipulation 
which  has  hitherto  remained  entirely  unknown.  This  stipulation 
bound  Germany  to  aid  Italy  with  all  her  military  strength  even 
in  case  Italy,  without  being  attacked  by  France,  should  consider 
herself  forced  by  the  conduct  of  the  latter  power  in  Tripoli  or 
Morocco  to  attack  either  the  African  or  the  European  posses- 
sions of  France  (Article  3).  Equally  significant  and  completely 
unknown  until  now  are  the  contents  of  Article  4  of  the  German- 
Italian  separate  treaty.  In  this  article  Germany  expressed  her 
readiness  to  promote  the  extension  of  Italian  territory  at  the 
expense  of  the  enemy,  in  case  of  the  successful  termination  of  such 
a  war  waged  in  common  against  France.  It  may  easily  be  seen 
how  little  such  stipulations  agree  with  the  constantly  renewed 
assurances  of  the  Italian  statesmen  that  the  Triple  Alliance  had 
no  aggressive  aims  with  respect  to  France.  Subsequently  Italy 
concluded  separate  treaties  with  France  concerning  Tripoli,  but 
nevertheless  renewed  the  Triple  Alliance  with  its  stipulations 
against  France. 


10  INTRODUCTION 

Italy,  in  1887,  did  not  insist  upon  the  renewal  of  the  protocol  of 
1882,  which  had  expressed  the  friendly  attitude  of  the  powers  of 
the  Triple  Alliance  towards  England.  This  was  due  to  the  fact 
that  Italy  had  shortly  before,  with  the  assistance  of  Germany, 
made  certain  agreements  with  England,  soon  after  concurred  in 
by  Austria-Hungary,  which  excluded  the  idea  of  hostile  inten- 
tions on  the  part  of  the  Allies  against  England. 

Four  years  later,  in  1891,  the  third  treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance 
was  concluded.  By  dint  of  incessant  urging,  Italy  succeeded  this 
time  in  bringing  about  the  union  of  the  three  treaties  into  one. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  efforts  of  the  Italian  statesmen  to  obtain 
a  material  extension  of  the  obligations  of  the  Central  Powers 
were  frustrated.  Austria-Hungary  declined  all  further  inter- 
vention in  behalf  of  Italy's  Mediterranean  interests;  Germany 
took  the  same  ground  with  respect  to  Italian  plans  hi  the  Balkans. 
Italy  was  again  successful,  however,  in  that  Germany's  willingness 
to  intervene  in  behalf  of  Italian  interests  in  Northern  Africa  — 
Tunis  was  now  brought  into  the  foreground,  as  well  as  Tripoli  — 
was  more  definitely  formulated,  and  the  intention  was  expressed 
to  come  to  an  agreement  with  England  with  reference  to  these 
questions. 

As  far  back  as  December,  1887,  England  had  been  in  harmony 
with  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  concerning  the  maintenance  of 
the  Turkish  possessions  in  the  Orient.  Now  a  protocol  attached 
to  the  treaty  gave  consideration  to  Italy's  desire  to  induce  Eng- 
land to  approve  and  support  certain  stipulations  in  the  treaty  of 
the  Triple  Alliance  in  as  binding  a  form  as  possible,  a  desire 
energetically  seconded  by  Germany.  These  stipulations  con- 
cerned the  North  African  territories  bordering  on  the  central  and 
western  Mediterranean.  This  marks  England's  closest  approach 
to  the  Triple  Alliance,  as  well  as  the  culmination  of  the  import- 
ance of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  safeguarding  the  interests  of  the 
allies  and  the  peace  of  Europe. 

The  crucial  test  of  the  Triple  Alliance  began  with  the  moment 
in  which  the  first  serious  differences  between  Germany  and  Eng- 
land made  their  appearance.  As  far  back  as  1896,  Italy,  as  the 
present  investigation  shows,  had  notified  the  Central  Powers 


INTRODUCTION  1 1 

that  she  could  not  participate  in  a  war  in  which  England  and 
France  should  figure  as  the  joint  adversaries  of  the  states  in- 
cluded in  the  Triple  Alliance.  The  fact  that  Germany,  and  like- 
wise Austria-Hungary  under  the  influence  of  Germany,  refused 
to  take  cognizance  of  this  declaration,  which  was  incompatible 
with  the  contents  of  the  treaty,  did  not  alter  the  fact  that  Italy 
from  that  time  on  moved  away  from  her  allies  and  entered  upon 
a  course  which  gradually  led  her  into  the  camp  of  their  enemies. 

The  treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  was,  indeed,  twice  renewed  in 
unchanged  form,  in  1902  and  1912;  likewise  the  protocol  of  1891, 
although  the  latter,  in  so  far  as  it  had  reference  to  England,  be- 
came less  and  less  in  harmony  with  the  actual  facts  through  the 
widening  divergences  between  Germany  and  England.  Further- 
more, Italy  succeeded  in  inducing  Austria-Hungary  to  attach  a 
declaration  to  the  treaty  of  1902,  in  which  Austria-Hungary  ex- 
pressed the  willingness  to  give  her  ally  a  free  hand  in  Tripoli. 
Moreover,  hi  a  second  protocol  to  the  treaty  of  1912,  Austria- 
Hungary  recognized  the  sovereignty  of  Italy  over  Tripoli,  and 
confirmed  the  agreements  made  with  Italy  in  1901  and  1909  con- 
cerning Balkan  questions,  and  particularly  concerning  Albania. 
All  other  demands  of  the  ally  that  had  now  become  untrustworthy 
were  rejected  by  the  Central  Powers. 

The  assertion,  often  made,  that  the  treaties  of  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance also  contained  definite  military  stipulations,  is  incorrect. 
Article  5  of  the  Treaty  of  1882,  which  has  hitherto  remained  un- 
known, merely  stated  that  the  allies,  at  the  moment  when  danger 
of  war  threatened,  should  agree  in  due  season  upon  the  military 
measures  necessary  for  joint  operations.  And  it  rested  here; 
no  further  dispositions  are  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  later  treaties 
of  the  Triple  Alliance. 

However,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  following  statements,  a 
number  of  special  military  agreements  were  made  in  the  course 
of  tune.  On  February  i,  1888,  a  military  convention  was  con- 
cluded between  Italy  and  Germany,  which  contemplated  the 
employment  of  Italian  troops  against  France  to  the  west  of  the 
Rhine.  A  similar  agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and 
Italy,  with  reference  to  the  employment  of  Italian  troops  in  the 


12  INTRODUCTION 

East  —  against  Russia  —  was  projected,  but  never  came  into 
effect.  The  Austro-Hungarian  government,  in  accordance  with 
the  treaty,  merely  bound  itself  to  provide  for  the  transportation 
and  feeding  of  the  Italian  troops  destined  for  Germany.  On  the 
other  hand,  agreements  were  made  between  all  three  states  with 
reference  to  the  employment  of  their  navies  in  tune  of  war.  The 
first  naval  agreement,  concluded  on  December  5,  1900,  contem- 
plated independent  operations.  It  was  superseded  in  the  year 
1913  by  another  agreement,  in  which  united  action  of  the  com- 
bined naval  forces  was  provided  for.  The  chief  aim  of  this  was 
the  securing  of  naval  supremacy  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
prevention  of  the  transportation  of  French  colonial  troops  from 
Africa  to  the  European  theatre  of  war. 

Italy  derived  the  greatest  advantages  from  the  Triple  Alliance: 
protection  against  French  attacks,  support  of  her  colonial  plans 
in  Africa,  recognition  of  the  principle  of  her  territorial  aspira- 
tions in  the  Balkans.  Furthermore  (and  these  were  no  less  im- 
portant), she  secured  commercial  and  political  advantages,  the 
ordering  of  her  shattered  finances,  the  strengthening  of  her  army 
and  navy,  and,  last  but  not  least,  a  constantly  growing  import- 
ance as  a  Great  Power.  These  advantages  she  owed  first  of  all 
to  the  favor  of  circumstances.  As  a  young,  weak  state,  but 
recently  unified,  and  threatened  by  a  stronger  neighbor,  Italy,  in 
the  year  1882,  had  been  received  into  an  alliance  with  two  of  the 
greatest  military  monarchies  of  Europe.  She  could  not  but  re- 
gard as  a  great  success  the  fact  that  the  support  of  the  most 
powerful  army  in  the  world  was  assured  to  her,  while  at  the  same 
time  the  danger  of  being  attacked  by  the  superior  forces  of 
Austria-Hungary,  her  former  enemy,  had  been  removed.  In 
return  for  all  this  she  had  no  considerable  sacrifices  to  make,  for 
at  that  time  the  suppliant  did  not  have  to  pay  the  price.  Duties 
and  privileges  were  allotted  to  the  allies  in  approximately  equal 
proportion.  Gradually,  however,  this  relation  was  shifted  more 
and  more  in  favor  of  Italy.  Every  step  that  brought  France  and 
Russia  nearer  to  each  other  increased  the  value  to  the  Central 
Powers  of  the  alliance  with  Italy,  threatened  as  they  were  both 
to  the  east  and  to  the  west.  Italy  was  therefore  able  consider- 


INTRODUCTION  13 

ably  to  increase  her  demands,  even  as  early  as  1887.  The  defini- 
tive binding  together  of  France  and  Russia  in  1891  marked  a 
further  strengthening  of  the  position  of  Italy  in  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance. And  the  more  it  became  evident  that  England  was  gradu- 
ally shifting  her  attitude  towards  the  Triple  Alliance  —  an  atti- 
tude that  had  been  friendly  up  to  the  middle  of  the  nineties  — 
the  more  vitally  necessary  did  it  become  for  the  Central  Powers 
to  prevent  Italy's  defection  into  the  camp  of  the  adversaries. 

The  Italian  statesmen  knew  how  to  exploit  this  favorable  state 
of  affairs  cleverly.  They  were  unscrupulous  in  the  choice  of  their 
means.  Alternately  making  use  of  prayers,  promises,  flatteries, 
threats,  and  lamentations,  but  keeping  their  goal  constantly  in 
view,  they  succeeded  in  obtaining  one  advantage  after  another 
from  their  connection  with  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary, 
while  at  the  same  time  they  knew  how  to  make  their  relations 
with  the  adversaries  of  their  allies  more  and  more  friendly.  They 
constantly  made  new  demands  upon  the  Central  Powers,  and 
however  much  they  obtained,  they  still  asserted  that  they  had 
the  disadvantage  in  the  bargain.  From  their  allies  they  demanded 
the  strictest  observance  of  the  obligations  assumed;  for  their 
own  part,  they  constantly  allowed  themselves  flirtations  of  the 
most  questionable  character  with  all  possible  enemies  of  the 
Central  Powers. 

The  greatest  benefit  derived  by  Germany  from  the  connection 
with  Italy  lay  in  the  repressive  influence  exercised  by  the  Triple 
Alliance  upon  France's  plans  for  revenge.  It  was  this  fact,  too, 
which  Bismarck  had  above  all  in  view,  when  he  advocated  an 
alliance  with  the  weak  Italy.  The  assistance  of  Germany  by 
Italy,  contemplated  in  the  treaty  of  1882  in  the  event  of  a  war 
between  Germany  and  France,  was  acceptable  to  him;  it  was, 
however,  a  matter  of  only  secondary  importance.  To  him  it 
sufficed  that  France  should  lose  hope  of  winning  Italy  as  an  ally 
in  a  conflict  with  the  victor  of  1870,  and  that  Austria-Hungary, 
in  warding  off  a  Russian  onslaught,  need  not  fear  an  attack  from 
the  south.  The  thought  that  Italy  could  ever  be  induced  to  par- 
ticipate in  a  war  against  England  was  not  entertained  by  Bis- 
marck. He  knew  that  the  very  geographical  position  of  the 


14  INTRODUCTION 

country  offered  insuperable  obstacles  to  such  a  plan.  However, 
as  long  as  Bismarck  guided  the  foreign  policy  of  Germany,  no 
cogent  reason  existed  for  reckoning  with  this  possibility.  He 
did  not,  it  is  true,  advocate  the  formal  entrance  of  England  into 
the  Triple  Alliance,  chiefly  on  account  of  Russia,  with  whom  he 
sought  to  maintain  friendly  relations  to  the  very  end  of  his 
official  activity.  But  he  did  everything  possible  to  win  England 
over  to  the  political  situation  created  by  the  Powers  of  the  Triple 
Alliance,  and  he  strove  with  all  his  influence  to  promote  every 
attempt  intended  to  bind  England  by  treaty  to  the  special  inter- 
ests of  Italy  in  the  territories  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean. 
How  correctly  he  had  judged  the  conditions  became  apparent  as 
early  as  1896,  when  the  danger  of  a  conflict  between  England 
and  Germany  loomed  up  for  the  first  time.  The  declaration 
which  Italy  then  made  in  Berlin  permitted  no  doubt  as  to  the 
fact  that  she  would  not  fight  against  England. 

At  this  point  the  alliance  with  Italy  lost  a  considerable  portion 
of  its  value.  This  alliance  had  been  entered  into  by  Bismarck  in 
order  to  checkmate  French  plans  of  revenge,  perhaps  for  a  war 
against  the  united  forces  of  France  and  Russia.  For  such  a  war 
this  alliance  would  have  sufficed.  With  this  limitation  Germany 
could  expect  that  Italy,  in  the  case  in  question,  would  fulfil  the 
obligations  assumed,  even  subsequently  to  1896,  and  especially 
towards  the  end  of  the  century,  when  Germany's  relations  to- 
wards England  assumed  a  more  friendly  character.  But  this  hope 
also  vanished  with  the  increasing  success  of  England's  policy  of 
hemming  in  the  Central  Powers.  Years  before  the  outbreak  of 
the  World  War,  the  leading  German  statesmen  began  to  doubt 
whether  Italy  would  immediately  and  fully  meet  her  obligations, 
when  put  to  the  test.  They  always  continued  to  hope,  however, 
that  Italy,  in  a  war  of  the  Central  Powers  with  France  and  Rus- 
sia —  England's  immediate  participation  on  the  side  of  the  latter 
was  not  considered  —  would  at  first  observe  a  benevolent  neutral- 
ity towards  her  allies,  and,  after  the  first  of  the  expected  decisive 
victories  of  the  German  and  Austro-Hungarian  armies,  would 
make  common  cause  with  them.  Their  assumption  was  in  so  far 
correct,  that  Italy  did  in  fact  declare  herself  neutral  when  the 


INTRODUCTION  15 

World  War  broke  out.  As  for  the  rest,  their  presuppositions  were 
not  correct.  England,  prepared  for  war,  immediately  took  up 
her  position  by  the  side  of  the  enemies  of  Germany,  and  the 
hoped-for  decisive  victories  of  the  Central  Powers  did  not  ma- 
terialize. Italy,  nevertheless,  maintained  neutrality  —  though  it 
could  scarcely  be  called  benevolent  —  towards  her  allies  for  nine 
months  longer.  This  gave  them  advantages  which  are  not  to  be 
underestimated.  It  is  questionable  whether  the  German  armies 
would  have  been  able  to  attain  their  great  initial  successes  if 
Italian  troops  had  immediately  appeared  in  the  French  ranks. 
As  for  the  campaign  in  the  east,  it  might  have  been  actually 
fatal,  if  Austria-Hungary  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  had  been 
compelled  to  withdraw  a  considerable  portion  of  her  troops  from 
the  eastern  theatre  of  war  for  the  protection  of  the  Austrian 
frontier  against  Italy. 

Of  all  the  Powers  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  Austria-Hungary 
doubtless  got  the  worst  bargain.  For  the  numerous  sacrifices 
that  she  made,  she  attained  nothing  but  a  certain  degree  of  as- 
surance that  her  ally  would  not  attack  her  in  the  rear  in  case 
she  should  become  involved  in  a  war  with  Russia.  Her  attempts 
to  establish  permanently  friendly  relations  with  Italy  failed  on 
account  of  the  immoderate  demands  which  this  ally  made. 
Austria-Hungary  was  ready  to  promote  Italy's  interests  in  the 
Mediterranean,  but  demanded  in  return  free  play  for  her  own 
plans  in  the  Balkans,  and  the  definitive  renunciation  by  Italy  of 
acquisitions  in  the  region  of  the  '  unredeemed  provinces.'  Italy, 
however,  showed  not  the  slightest  inclination  to  limit  herself. 
The  Irredenta  not  only  continued  to  exist,  but  even  increased  in 
extent  and  vigor,  often  secretly  stimulated  by  the  Italian  gov- 
ernment. The  never  abandoned  aspirations  towards  the  mastery 
of  the  Adriatic  took  a  new  lease  of  life  in  Italy  after  the  middle 
of  the  nineties,  and  furnished  the  battle  cry  for  all  the  Austro- 
phobe  circles  of  Italy.  In  vain  did  Austria-Hungary  recede  step 
by  step  under  the  continued  strong  pressure  of  Germany.  She 
granted  the  Italians  a  more  and  more  important  rdle  in  the  Bal- 
kans, where  she  renounced  rights  that  had  been  conferred  on  her 
by  the  Congress  of  Berlin;  she  tolerated  the  extension  of  the 


1 6  INTRODUCTION 

Italian  sphere  of  influence  in  Albania,  and  by  all  this  endangered 
her  own  interests  in  the  Near  East  —  the  only  interests  through 
whose  advancement  she  could  hope  to  expand  her  power  and 
increase  the  economic  resources  of  her  subjects. 

Consideration  for  Italy  also  acted  as  a  drag  on  the  efforts  that 
were  occasionally  made  by  Vienna  to  arrive  at  an  agreement  with 
Russia  concerning  their  mutual  interests  in  the  Balkans;  it 
forced  the  Austro-Hungarian  statesmen  to  take  many  a  step  that 
was  resented  at  Constantinople;  it  influenced  the  cabinet  of 
Vienna  to  forgo  representation  of  the  wishes  of  the  Vatican  at 
the  Quirinal.  All  in  vain.  Italy,  though  the  ally  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  continued  to  be  her  outspoken  adversary  in  all  ques- 
tions in  which  their  interests  clashed.  Italy  increased  her  de- 
mands from  year  to  year,  and  every  success  stimulated  her  to 
make  new  claims.  In  Austria  as  well  as  in  Hungary  there  was 
no  lack  of  influential  men,  with  Conrad,  Chief  of  the  General 
Staff,  as  their  spokesman,  who  did  not  approve  of  the  compliant 
ways  of  the  government  of  Vienna,  advocating  a  break  with 
Italy,  a  settling  of  scores  with  the  faithless  ally.  But  the  re- 
sponsible pilots  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  ship  of  state  felt  that 
they  must  continue  in  the  course  that  had  been  laid  out.  They 
regarded  their  yielding  attitude,  which  tended  to  avoid  every 
serious  conflict,  as  the  only  means  of  preventing  the  open  defec- 
tion of  Italy  into  the  camp  of  the  enemy,  a  defection  the  conse- 
quences of  which  would  have  been  incalculable.  It  is  not  within 
the  province  of  this  work  to  inquire  how  far  their  conclusions 
were  justified.  The  test  of  the  accuracy  of  the  views  of  the  ad- 
vocates of  an  attack  on  Italy  could  not  be  made.  No  one  will 
therefore  be  able  to  decide  with  certainty  whether  the  Western 
Powers  would  have  calmly  looked  on  while  Austria-Hungary 
settled  her  score  with  Italy.  There  is  just  as  little  possibility  of 
giving  a  definite  answer  to  the  question  concerning  the  position 
which  would  have  been  taken  by  the  various  nationalities  em- 
braced in  the  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy  in  the  case  of  a  war 
with  Italy,  considering  the  fact  that  they  were  at  variance  with 
one  another.  It  is  undeniable,  however,  that  even  before  the 
outbreak  of  the  World  War,  the  cabinet  of  Vienna  had  lost  much 


INTRODUCTION  17 

of  the  prestige  which  it  possessed  both  in  Europe  and  in  the  world 
at  large  in  the  days  when  Metternich  directed  the  foreign  policy 
of  Austria-Hungary,  and  even  at  the  time  of  Andrassy.  To  this 
descent  from  its  former  proud  height  the  negotiations  described 
in  the  following  pages  bear  a  new  and  striking  testimony. 


1 8  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 

I. 
THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879. 

(a) 

Protocol  between  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  German  Governments 

describing  the  preliminary  steps  towards  an  Alliance.     Vienna, 

September  24,  1879^ 

PROTOKOLL. 

Die  Unterzeichneten,  Graf  Andrassy,  Minister  des  kaiserlichen 
Hauses  und  der  auswartigen  Angelegenheiten  von  Oesterreich- 
Ungarn,  und  Fiirst  von  Bismarck,  Kanzler  des  Deutschen  Reiches, 
sind  zu  Wien  am  24.  September  1879  zu  einer  Berathung  dariiber 
zusammengetreten,  was  ihrer  gewissenhaf  ten  Ueberzeugung  nach 
unter  den  gegenwartigen  Verhaltnissen  Europas  ihren  hohen  Sou- 
veranen  zur  Sicherheit  und  Ruhe  ihrer  Vb'lker  und  zur  Erhaltung 
und  Consolidirung  des  europaischen  Friedens  vorzukehren  und 
zu  thun  obliegen  mochte. 

Der  Kanzler  des  Deutschen  Reiches  hat  sich  bei  diesem  An- 
lasse  seitens  S.  M.  des  deutschen  Kaisers  zu  dem  Vorschlag  einer 
Verabredung  fur  ermachtigt  erklart,  vermoge  deren  beide  Machte 
sich  gegenseitig  versprechen,  auch  ferner  filr  die  Erhaltung  des 
Friedens  und  namentlich  fur  die  Pflege  ihrer  friedlichen  Bezie- 
hungen  mit  Russland  einzutreten,  in  dem  Falle  aber,  dass  eine 
von  ihnen  von  einer  oder  mehreren  Machten  angegriffen  werden 
sollte,  diesen  AngrifT  gemeinsam  abzuwehren. 

Graf  Andrassy  hat  sich  mit  dem  diesem  Vorschlage  zu  Grunde 
liegenden  Gedanken  einverstanden  erklart,  dagegen  wider  den 
Abschluss  eines  Uebereinkommens  in  der  vom  deutschen  Reichs- 
kanzler  vorgeschlagenen  Form  und  Ausdehnung  Bedenken 
geltend  gemacht,  iiber  welche  hinauszugehen  ihm  nicht  moglich 
ware  und  die  es  ihm  nicht  gestatten  wiirden,  seinem  allerhochsten 
Souveran  die  Annahme  des  gemachten  Vorschlages  in  der  erwahn- 
ten  Fassung  zu  empfehlen. 


THE  AUSTROGERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  19 

I. 
THE  AUSTROGERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879. 

W 

Protocol  between  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  German  Governments 
describing  the  preliminary  steps  towards  an  Alliance.     Vienna, 
September  24,  1879. 

PROTOCOL. 

The  undersigned,  Count  Andrassy,  Minister  of  the  Imperial 
Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Austria-Hungary,  and 
Prince  Bismarck,  Chancellor  of  the  German  Empire,  met  at 
Vienna  on  the  24th  day  of  September,  1879,  to  take  counsel  to- 
gether as  to  what,  according  to  their  conscientious  conviction,  it 
might  behoove  their  Exalted  Sovereigns  to  devise  and  to  do  for 
the  security  and  tranquillity  of  their  peoples  and  for  the  preser- 
vation and  consolidation  of  the  peace  of  Europe. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  German  Empire  declared  on  this  occa- 
sion that  he  was  empowered  to  present  on  behalf  of  His  Majesty 
the  German  Emperor  the  proposal  for  an  agreement,  accord- 
ing to  the  terms  of  which  both  Powers  should  reciprocally 
engage  to  take  further  steps  for  the  maintenance  of  peace  and 
especially  for  the  cultivation  of  their  friendly  relations  with 
Russia;  but,  in  case  one  of  them  should  be  attacked  by  one  or 
more  Powers,  to  repel  this  attack  jointly. 

Count  Andrassy  declared  himself  to  be  in  agreement  with  the 
ideas  underlying  this  proposal;  on  the  other  hand,  however,  he 
had  serious  doubts  as  to  the  conclusion  of  an  agreement  of  such 
form  and  scope  as  that  proposed  by  the  German  Imperial  Chan- 
cellor :  doubts  which  he  was  unable  to  repress,  and  which  would 
not  permit  him  to  recommend  to  his  Most  Exalted  Sovereign  the 
acceptance  of  the  proffered  proposal  in  its  abovementioned 
wording. 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  7, 
Geheimakten,  II,  jb. 


20  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 

Nachdem  Graf  Andrassy  seine  Bedenken  auch  in  Folge  des 
hieriiber  eingehend  gepflogenen  Meinungsaustausches  nicht 
iiberwinden  zu  konnen  erklarte,  hat  er  seinerseits  einen  Vorschlag 
gemacht,  welcher  den  Grundgedanken  eines  ebenfalls  rein  de- 
fensiven  Uebereinkommens  in  anderer  Form  pracisirte  und  fiir 
dessen  Annahme  und  getreue  Durchfiihrung  einzutreten  er  sich 
anheischig  machte. 

Fiirst  von  Bismarck  erklarte  nach  reiflicher  Priifung  dieses 
Vorschlages,  dass  ihn  die  Instruktionen,  in  deren  Besitz  er  sich 
befinde,  zu  dermaligem  bindenden  Abschluss  eines  Ueberein- 
kommens auf  dieser  Basis  nicht  ermachtigen,  dass  er  aber  bereit 
sei,  auf  der  vom  Graf  en  Andrassy  proponierten  Grundlage  weiter 
zu  verhandeln,  um  eine  Fassung  zu  finden,  welche  den  Grundge- 
danken und  die  praktischen  Zwecke  seines  urspriinglichen  Vor- 
schlages in  einer  fiir  beide  Theile  annehmbaren  Form  verwirk- 
lichen  wiirde. 

Die  Unterzeichneten  sind  hiernach  im  Verfolge  eingehender 
Unterhandlung  in  dem  beigeschlossenen  Entwurf  e  eines  Ueberein- 
kommens einig  geworden,2  welchen  sie  ihren  hohen  Souveranen  zu 
unterbreiten  und  allerhochstdenselben  ihrer  Ueberzeugung  ge- 
mass  zur  allergnadigsten  Gutheissung  zu  empfehlen  iibernehmen. 

Urkund  dessen  haben  beide  ihre  Unterschrift  diesem  Proto- 
kolle  beigefiigt. 

Geschehen  zu  Wien,  am  24.  September  1879. 

Andrassy.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.S.  L.  S. 

Jenseitige3  Worte  wurden  im  Ubereinkommen  der  hohen  Con- 
trahenten  gestrichen,  um  der  allerhochsten  Sanction  der  beiden 
Souverane  nicht  vorzugreifen. 

Andrassy.  v.  Bismarck. 

2  Here  were  also  originally  found  the  words:    "welchen  sie  fiir  ihre  Person 
unterschreiben  haben  und"  ("which  they  for  their  part  have  signed  and").    They 
were,  however,  subsequently  eliminated;  cf.  the  Annex  at  the  end  of  the  Protocol. 

3  Compare  Note  2. 


THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  21 

When  Count  Andrassy,  even  after  the  exhaustive  exchange  of 
opinions  which  was  entered  into  concerning  this  matter,  had 
declared  that  he  was  unable  to  overcome  his  doubts,  he  made, 
on  his  part,  a  proposal  which  defined  in  different  form  the  funda- 
mental ideas  of  an  agreement  equally  of  a  purely  defensive 
nature,  and  pledged  himself  to  answer  for  its  acceptance  and 
faithful  execution. 

After  mature  consideration  of  this  proposal,  Prince  Bismarck 
declared  that  the  instructions  which  were  in  his  possession  did 
not  empower  him  to  proceed  with  the  immediate  binding  con- 
clusion of  an  agreement  on  this  basis,  but  that  he  was  ready  to 
negotiate  further  on  the  principles  laid  down  by  Count  Andrassy, 
in  order  that  a  wording  might  be  found  which  would  realize  the 
fundamental  ideas  and  the  practical  purposes  of  his  original 
proposal  in  a  form  acceptable  to  both  Parties. 

As  the  result  of  exhaustive  negotiations  the  undersigned  later 
united  on  the  appended  draft  of  an  Agreement,2  which  they 
undertake  to  submit  to  their  Exalted  Sovereigns,  and,  in  con- 
formity with  their  convictions,  to  recommend  to  those  Most 
Exalted  Personages  for  Their  most  gracious  approbation. 

In  witness  whereof  both  have  appended  their  signatures  to  this 
Protocol. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  24th  day  of  September,  1879. 

Andrassy.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

The  words  following 3  should  be  stricken  from  the  Agreement 
of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  in  order  that  the  Most  Exalted 
sanction  of  the  two  Sovereigns  be  not  anticipated. 

Andrassy.  v.  Bismarck. 


22  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 


Joint  Memorandum  signed  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  the 

German  Plenipotentiaries  outlining  the  purposes  of  the 

Alliance.     Vienna,  September  24,  1879* 

MEMORANDUM. 

Der  osterreichisch-ungarische  Minister  der  auswartigen  Ange- 
legenheiten  und  der  Kanzler  des  Deutschen  Reiches  haben 
anlasslich  ihrer  Zusammenkunft  in  Wien  dariiber  berathen,  was 
ihren  hohen  Souveranen  unter  den  gegenwartigen  europaischen 
Verhaltnissen  zum  Besten  ihrer  Reiche  und  zur  Consolidirung 
des  europaischen  Friedens  zu  thun  obliegen  mochte. 

Die  beiden  Regierungen  halten  fest  an  dem  Gedanken,  dass  die 
Erhaltung  und  Consolidirung  des  europaischen  Friedens  der 
Hauptzweck  ihrer  Politik  sein  muss. 

Sie  sind  entschlossen,  sich  durch  ephemere  Divergenzen  mit 
andern  Machten  hierin  nicht  beirren  zu  lassen  und  bleiben  der 
Ueberzeugung,  dass  auch  etwa  noch  vorhandene  Interessen- 
Unterschiede  den  hoheren  Riicksichten  des  Weltfriedens  unter- 
geordnet  werden  miissen. 

Diesen  Zweck  glauben  die  Regierungen  am  besten  zu  erreichen, 
wenn  sie  einander  wiederholt  versprechen,  an  den  Abmachungen 
des  Berliner  Congresses  getreu  festzuhalten. 

Um  jedoch  jeder  Complication  in  Ausfiihrung  dieses  Vertrages 
vorzubeugen,  werden  die  beiden  Cabinete  (!)  betreffs  aller  noch 
nicht  ausgefuhrten  Punkte  des  Berliner  Vertrages  sich  ihre 
freundschaftlichen  Gesinnungen  gegen  Russland  vor  Augen 
halten.  Ohne  auf  die  Selbstandigkeit  ihres  Vorgehens  auf  diplo- 
matischem  Felde  zu  verzichten  oder  Russland  einen  solchen 
Verzicht  zuzumuthen^  werden  die  beiden  Regierungen  in  jenen 
Fragen  des  Berliner  Friedens,  in  welchen  bisher  eine  Verstandi- 
gung  zwischen  Russland  und  den  iibrigen  Machten  nicht  hat 
erzielt  werden  kb'nnen,  in  versohnlichem  Sinne  wirken. 

Beide  Regierungen  begegnen  sich  in  der  Anschauung  (  —  und 
hoffen,  dass  dieselbe  auch  von  Russland  getheilt  wird  —  ),  dass 
keine  der  noch  unerledigten  Fragen  des  Berliner  Friedens  wich- 


THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  23 


Joint  Memorandum  signed  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  the 

German  Plenipotentiaries  outlining  the  purposes  of  the 

Alliance.    Vienna,  September  24,  1879. 

MEMORANDUM. 

The  Austro-Hungarian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  the 
Chancellor  of  the  German  Empire  have,  on  the  occasion  of  their 
meeting  in  Vienna,  taken  counsel  as  to  what  actions,  under  the 
present  conditions  in  Europe,  it  might  behoove  their  Exalted 
Sovereigns  to  take  for  the  benefit  of  Their  Empires  and  for  the 
consolidation  of  the  peace  of  Europe. 

Both  Governments  adhere  firmly  to  the  opinion  that  the 
maintenance  and  consolidation  of  the  peace  of  Europe  must  be 
the  main  purpose  of  their  policies. 

They  are  resolved  not  to  let  themselves  be  diverted  from  this 
purpose  by  passing  divergences  with  other  Powers,  and  they  are 
convinced  that  such  differences  of  interest  as  may  yet  exist  must 
be  subordinated  to  the  higher  considerations  of  the  world's  peace. 

The  Governments  believe  that  this  purpose  may  be  best  at- 
tained if  they  once  again  promise  one  another  to  remain  true  to 
the  settlements  of  the  Congress  of  Berlin. 

In  order,  however,  to  obviate  every  complication  in  the  execu- 
tion of  this  Treaty,  both  Cabinets  shall,  in  regard  to  all  provisions 
of  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  which  have  not  yet  been  executed,  keep 
constantly  before  them  their  friendly  attitude  towards  Russia. 
Without  renouncing  their  independence  of  action  in  the  field  of 
diplomacy,  or  exacting  such  a  renunciation  from  Russia,  both 
Governments  shall  use  their  influence  in  a  conciliatory  sense  as 
regards  those  questions  of  the  Peace  of  Berlin  concerning  which 
it  has  not  been  possible  to  reach  an  understanding  between  Rus- 
sia and  the  remaining  Powers. 

Both  Governments  agree  in  the  view  (and  hope  that  the  same 
view  will  be  shared  by  Russia  also)  that  none  of  the  so  far  un- 
settled questions  of  the  Peace  of  Berlin  appears  to  be  of  sufficient 

4  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  7,  Geheimakten,  II,  8  a. 


24  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 

tig  genug  erscheint,  um  zu  einem  gewaltsamen  Vorgehen  oder 
casus  belli  zwischen  einzelnen  Machten  Anlass  zu  geben. 

Die  beiden  Regierungen  ihrerseits  bekunden  es  als  ihren  iiber- 
einstimmenden  Vorsatz,  dass  keine  von  beiden  aus  den  iiber 
einzelne  Punkte  des  Berliner  Vertrages  noch  schwebenden  Diver- 
genzen  Anlass  nehmen  werde,  um  das  russische  Reich  ihrerseits 
oder  in  Verbindung  mit  anderen  Machten  anzugreifen  oder  zu 
bedrohen.  Beide  Cabinete  gehen  hiebei  von  der  Voraussetzung 
aus,  dass  auch  die  russische  Regierung  sich  von  den  gleichen 
Absichten  leiten  lasse. 

In  Bethatigung  ihrer  gegenseitigen  freundschaftlichen  Gesin- 
nungen  beabsichtigen  die  beiden  Cabinete  ferner  die  wohlthatigen 
Folgen  ihrer  innigen  Beziehungen  den  Vb'lkern  der  beiden  Reiche 
durch  die  besondere  Pflege  ihrer  nachbarlichen  Verkehrsverhalt- 
nisse  sowie  durch  den  Abschluss  neuer  Handelsvertrage  zu  Gute 
kommen  zu  lassen,  indem  sie,  unabhangig  davon  ob  der  jetzt 
zwischen  ihnen  bestehende  Meistbegiinstigungsvertrag  verlangert 
werden  wird  oder  nicht,  schon  jetzt  Verhandlungen  iiber  weitere 
Tarifs-  und  Verkehrserleichterungen  in  Aussicht  nehmen. 

Sie  beabsichtigen  in  diesem  Sinne  Bevollmachtigte  zeitig  ge- 
nug zusammentreten  zu  lassen,  damit  das  Ergebniss  ihrer  Ver- 
handlungen den  beiderseitigen  Legislativen  schon  im  nachsten 
Jahre  vorgelegt  werden  konne. 

Geschehen  zu  Wien,  am  24.  September  1879. 

Andrassy.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.S.  L.  S. 

W 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany. 

October  7,  1879* 

In  Erwagung,  dass  I.  I.  Majestaten,  der  Kaiser  von  Oester- 
reich,  Konig  von  Ungarn,  und  der  deutsche  Kaiser,  Konig  von 
Preussen,  es  als  ihre  unabweisliche  Monarchenpflicht  erachten 
miissen,  fur  die  Sicherheit  ihrer  Reiche  und  die  Ruhe  ihrer  Volker 
unter  alien  Umstanden  Sorge  zu  tragen, 

in  Erwagung,  dass  beide  Monarchen,  ahnlich  wie  in  dern 
friiher  bestandenen  Bundesverhaltnisse,  durch  festes  Zusammen- 


THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  25 

importance  to  give  occasion  for  violent  measures  or  for  a  casus 
belli  between  the  various  Powers. 

The  two  Governments  for  their  part  affirm  it  to  be  their  com- 
mon intention  that  neither  of  them  shall  take  occasion,  through 
the  differences  still  pending  regarding  certain  points  of  the  Treaty 
of  Berlin,  to  attack  or  to  menace  the  Russian  Empire,  either  by 
themselves  or  in  alliance  with  other  Powers.  In  this  matter  both 
Governments  are  acting  on  the  presumption  that  the  Russian 
Government  also  will  be  guided  by  the  same  aims. 

As  a  proof  of  their  reciprocally  friendly  sentiments,  the  two 
Cabinets  intend  to  allow  the  beneficent  effects  of  their  close  re- 
lations to  be  of  still  further  profit  to  the  peoples  of  both  Empires 
through  the  especial  cultivation  of  their  neighborly  trade  rela- 
tions as  well  as  through  the  conclusion  of  new  commercial  treaties, 
as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  independently  of  whether  the  most- 
favored-nation  treaty  now  in  existence  between  them  shall  be 
prolonged  or  not,  they  are  now  already  taking  into  considera- 
tion negotiations  concerning  further  alleviation  of  tariff  and 
trade  difficulties. 

It  is  their  intention  that  Plenipotentiaries  shall  meet  for  this 
purpose  in  time  to  permit  the  result  of  their  negotiations  to  be 
placed  before  the  legislatures  of  both  sides  within  the  next  year. 

Done  at  Vienna,  September  24,  1879. 

Andrassy.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

W 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany. 

October  7,  1879. 

Inasmuch  as  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of 
Hungary,  and  the  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia,  must  con- 
sider it  Their  imperative  duty  as  Monarchs  to  provide  for  the 
security  of  Their  Empires  and  the  peace  of  Their  subjects,  under 
all  circumstances; 

inasmuch  as  the  two  Sovereigns,  as  was  the  case  under  the 
former  existing  relations  of  alliance,  will  be  enabled  by  the  close 

4  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Archiv.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  9,  Geheimakten,  II,  n.  12. 


26  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 

halten  beider  Reiche  im  Stande  sein  warden,  diese  Pflicht  leichter 
und  wirksamer  zu  erfiillen, 

in  Erwagung  schliesslich,  dass  ein  inniges  Zusammengehen  von 
Deutschland  und  Oesterreich-Ungarn  niemanden  bedrohen  kann, 
wohl  aber  geeignet  ist,  den  durch  die  Berliner  Stipulationen  ge- 
schaffenen  europaischen  Frieden  zu  consolidiren, 

haben  1. 1.  Majestaten,  der  Kaiser  von  Oesterreich,  Konig  von 
Ungarn,  und  der  Kaiser  von  Deutschland,  indem  sie  einander 
feierlich  versprechen,  dass  sie  ihrem  rein  defensiven  Abkommen 
eine  aggressive  Tendenz  nach  keiner  Richtung  jemals  beilegen 
wollen,  einen  Bund  des  Friedens  und  der  gegenseitigen  Verthei- 
digung  zu  kniipfen  beschlossen. 

Zu  diesem  Zwecke  haben  allerhochstdieselben  zu  ihren  Bevoll- 
machtigten  ernannt: 

S.  M.  der  Kaiser  von  Oesterreich,  Konig  von  Ungarn,  aller- 
hochst  ihren  wirklich  geheimen  Rath,  Minister  des  kaiserlichen 
Hauses  und  des  Aeussern,  Feldmarschall-Lieutenant  Julius 
Graf  en  Andrassy  von  Csik-Szent-Kiraly  und  Kraszna-Horka  etc. 
etc., 

S.  M.  der  deutsche  Kaiser  allerhb'chst  ihren  ausserordentlichen 
und  bevollmachtigten  Botschafter,  General-Lieutenant  Prinzen 
Heinrich  VII.  Reuss  etc.  etc., 

welche  sich  zu  Wien  am  heutigen  Tage  vereiniget  haben  und 
nach  Austausch  ihrer  gut  und  geniigend  befundenen  Vollmachten 
ubereingekommen  sind,  wie  folgt: 

ARTIKEL  I. 

Sollte  wider  Verhoffen  und  gegen  den  aufrichtigen  Wunsch 
der  beiden  hohen  Contrahenten  eines  der  beiden  Reiche  von  Seite 
Russlands  angegriffen  werden,  so  sind  die  hohen  Contrahenten 
verpflichtet,  einander  mit  der  gesammten  Kriegsmacht  ihrer 
Reiche  beizustehen  und  demgemass  den  Frieden  nur  gemeinsam 
und  iibereinstimmend  zu  schliessen. 

ARTIKEL  II. 

Wiirde  einer  der  hohen  contrahirenden  Theile  von  einer  an- 
deren  Macht  angegriffen  werden,  so  verpflichtet  sich  hiemit  der 


THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  27 

union  of  the  two  Empires  to  fulfil  this  duty  more  easily  and  more 
efficaciously ; 

inasmuch  as,  finally,  an  intimate  cooperation  of  Germany  and 
Austria-Hungary  can  menace  no  one,  but  is  rather  calculated  to 
consolidate  the  peace  of  Europe  as  established  by  the  stipula- 
tions of  Berlin; 

Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary,  and 
the  Emperor  of  Germany,  while  solemnly  promising  each  other 
never  to  allow  Their  purely  defensive  Agreement  to  develop  an 
aggressive  tendency  in  any  direction,  have  determined  to  con- 
clude an  Alliance  of  peace  and  mutual  defence. 

For  this  purpose  Their  Most  Exalted  Majesties  have  desig- 
nated as  Their  Plenipotentiaries: 

His  Most  Exalted  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of 
Hungary,  His  Actual  Privy  Councillor,  Minister  of  the  Imperial 
Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Lieutenant-Fieldmarshal 
Count  Julius  Andrassy  of  Csik-Szent-Kiraly  and  Kraszna-Horka, 
etc.,  etc.. 

His  Most  Exalted  Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  His  Ambas- 
sador Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary,  Lieutenant-General 
Prince  Henry  VII  of  Reuss,  etc.,  etc., 

who  have  met  this  day  at  Vienna,  and,  after  the  exchange  of 
their  full  powers,  found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon 
the  following  Articles : 

ARTICLE  I. 

Should,  contrary  to  their  hope,  and  against  the  loyal  desire  of 
the  two  High  Contracting  Parties,  one  of  the  two  Empires  be 
attacked  by  Russia,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  are  bound  to 
come  to  the  assistance  one  of  the  other  with  the  whole  war 
strength  of  their  Empires,  and  accordingly  only  to  conclude  peace 
together  and  upon  mutual  agreement. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Should  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  be  attacked  by  an- 
other Power,  the  other  High  Contracting  Party  binds  itself 


28  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 

andere  hohe  Contrahent,  dem  Angreifer  gegen  seinen  hohen  Ver- 
biindeten  nicht  nur  nicht  beizustehen,  sondern  mindestens  eine 
wohlwollende  neutrale  Haltung  gegen  den  hohen  Mitcontrahen- 
ten  zu  beobachten. 

Wenn  jedoch  in  solchem  Falle  die  angreifende  Macht  von  Seite 
Russlands,  sei  es  in  Form  aktiver  Cooperation,  sei  es  durch 
militarische  Massnahmen,  welche  den  Angegriffenen  bedrohen, 
unterstiitzt  werden  sollte,  so  tritt  die  im  Artikel  I  dieses  Vertrages 
stipulirte  Verpflichtung  des  gegenseitigen  Beistandes  mit  voller 
Heeresmacht  auch  in  diesem  Falle  sofort  in  Kraft  und  die  Krieg- 
fiihrung  der  beiden  hohen  Contrahenten  wird  auch  dann  eine 
gemeinsame  bis  zum  gemeinsamen  Friedensschluss. 

ARTIKEL  III.6 

Die  Dauer  dieses  Vertrages  wird  vorlaufig  auf  fiinf  Jahre  vom 
Tage  der  Ratifikation  festgesetzt.  Ein  Jahr  vor  Ablauf  dieses 
Termines  werden  die  beiden  hohen  Contrahenten  liber  die  Frage, 
ob  die  dem  Vertrage  zur  Grundlage  dienenden  Verhaltnisse  noch 
obwalten,  in  Verhandlung  treten  und  iiber  die  weitere  Dauer  oder 
eventuelle  Abanderung  einzelner  Modalitaten  ubereinkommen. 
Wenn  im  Verlaufe  des  ersten  Monates  des  letzten  Vertragsjahres 
die  Einladung  zur  Erb'ffmmg  dieser  Verhandlungen  von  keiner 
Seite  erfolgt  ist,  so  gilt  der  Vertrag  als  fur  die  weitere  Dauer  von 
drei  Jahren  erneuert. 

ARTIKEL  TV.7 

Dieser  Vertrag  soil,  in  Gemassheit  seines  friedlichen  Charakters 
und  um  jede  Missdeutung  auszuschliessen,  von  beiden  hohen 
Contrahenten  geheimgehalten  und  einer  dritten  Macht  nur  im 
Einverstandnisse  beider  Theile  und  nach  Massgabe  specieller 
Einigung  mitgetheilt  werden. 

Beide  hohe  Contrahenten  geben  sich  nach  den  bei  der  Begeg- 
nung  in  Alexandrowo  ausgesprochenen  Gesinnungen  des  Kaisers 
Alexander  der  Hoffnung  hin,  dass  die  Riistungen  Russlands  sich 
als  bedrohlich  fiir  sie  in  Wirklichkeit  nicht  erweisen  werden,  und 
haben  aus  diesem  Grunde  zu  einer  Mittheilung  fiir  jetzt  keinen 


THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  29 

hereby,  not  only  not  to  support  the  aggressor  against  its  high 
Ally,  but  to  observe  at  least  a  benevolent  neutral  attitude  towards 
its  fellow  Contracting  Party. 

Should,  however,  the  attacking  party  in  such  a  case  be  sup- 
ported by  Russia,  either  by  an  active  cooperation  or  by  military 
measures  which  constitute  a  menace  to  the  Party  attacked,  then 
the  obligation  stipulated  in  Article  I  of  this  Treaty,  for  reciprocal 
assistance  with  the  whole  fighting  force,  becomes  equally  opera- 
tive, and  the  conduct  of  the  war  by  the  two  High  Contracting 
Parties  shall  in  this  case  also  be  in  common  until  the  conclusion 
of  a  common  peace. 

ARTICLE  III.6 

The  duration  of  this  Treaty  shall  be  provisionally  fixed  at  five 
years  from  the  day  of  ratification.  One  year  before  the  expira- 
tion of  this  period  the  two  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  consult 
together  concerning  the  question  whether  the  conditions  serving 
as  the  basis  of  the  Treaty  still  prevail,  and  reach  an  agreement  in 
regard  to  the  further  continuance  or  possible  modification  of 
certain  details.  If  in  the  course  of  the  first  month  of  the  last 
year  of  the  Treaty  no  invitation  has  been  received  from  either 
side  to  open  these  negotiations,  the  Treaty  shall  be  considered  as 
renewed  for  a  further  period  of  three  years. 

ARTICLE  IV.7 

This  Treaty  shall,  in  conformity  with  its  peaceful  character, 
and  to  avoid  any  misinterpretation,  be  kept  secret  by  the  two 
High  Contracting  Parties,  and  only  communicated  to  a  third 
Power  upon  a  joint  understanding  between  the  two  Parties,  and 
according  to  the  terms  of  a  special  Agreement. 

The  two  High  Contracting  Parties  venture  to  hope,  after  the 
sentiments  expressed  by  the  Emperor  Alexander  at  the  meeting 
at  Alexandrovo,  that  the  armaments  of  Russia  will  not  in  reality 

'  The  text  as  heretofore  made  public  (G.  F.  von  Martens,  Nouveau  recuett 
general  des  traitfs,  2d  series,  xv,  p.  478;  British  and  Foreign  Slate  Papers,  Ixxiii, 
p.  270)  does  not  contain  this  Article.  • 

7  This  Article  corresponds  to  Article  III,  as  heretofore  published. 


30  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879 

Anlass;  sollte  sich  aber  diese  Hoffnung  wider  Erwarten  als  eine 
irrthiimliche  erweisen,  so  wiirden  die  beiden  hohen  Contrahenten 
es  als  eine  Pflicht  der  Loyalitat  erkennen,  den  Kaiser  Alexander 
mindestens  vertraulich  dariiber  zu  verstandigen,  dass  sie  einen 
Angriff  auf  einen  von  ihnen  als  gegen  beide  gerichtet  betrachten 
miissten. 

ARTIKEL  V.8 

Dieser  Vertrag  wird  seine  Giltigkeit  durch  die  Genehmigung 
der  beiden  hohen  Souverane  erhalten  und  nach  erfolgter  Geneh- 
migung von  allerhochstdenselben  innerhalb  vierzehn  Tagen 
ratifizirt  werden.9 

Urkund  dessen  haben  die  Bevollmachtigten  diesen  Vertrag 
eigenhandig  unterschrieben  und  ihre  Wappen  beigedriickt. 

Geschehen  zu  Wien,  am  7.  October  1879. 

Andrassy.  H.  VII.  v.  Reuss. 

L.S.  L.  S. 

8  This  Article  is  not  found  in  the  text  heretofore  published. 

9  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Godollo,  October  17, 
1879  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  II,  n.  14);  of  Emperor  William  I, 
Baden-Baden,  October  16,  1879  (original:    St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der 
geheimen  Ratifikationen) ;   Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  October 
21,  1879  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  II,  n.  17). 


THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1879  31 

prove  to  be  menacing  to  them,  and  have  on  that  account  no 
reason  for  making  a  communication  at  present;  should,  how- 
ever, this  hope,  contrary  to  their  expectations,  prove  to  be  errone- 
ous, the  two  High  Contracting  Parties  would  consider  it  their 
loyal  obligation  to  let  the  Emperor  Alexander  know,  at  least 
confidentially,  that  they  must  consider  an  attack  on  either  of 
them  as  directed  against  both. 

ARTICLE  V.8 

This  Treaty  shall  derive  its  validity  from  the  approbation  of 
the  two  Exalted  Sovereigns  and  shall  be  ratified  within  fourteen 
days  after  this  approbation  has  been  granted  by  Their  Most 
Exalted  Majesties. 

In  witness  whereof  the  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  this 
Treaty  with  their  own  hands  and  affixed  their  arms. 

Done  at  Vienna,  October  7,  1879. 

Andrassy.  H.  VII  v.  Reuss. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


32  MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION  OF  1881 

2. 

MINISTERIAL     DECLARATION     OF     POLICY     IN 

REGARD  TO  THE  RELATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO- 

GERMAN  ALLIANCE  TO  THE   LEAGUE   OF  THE 

THREE  EMPERORS.      iSSi.1 

MINISTERIAL-ERKLARUNG. 

Im  Hinblick  auf  Verhandlungen,  welche  zwischen  S.  M.  dem 
deutschen  Kaiser,  Konige  von  Preussen,  S.  M.  dem  Kaiser  von 
Oesterreich,  Konige  von  Ungarn,  und  S.  M.  dem  Kaiser  aller 
Reussen  liber  ein  Abkommen  zur  Sicherung  der  Defensivstellung 
ihrer  Staaten  gefiihrt  werden,  und  zur  Klarstellung  des  Verhalt- 
nisses,  welches  zwischen  dem  bezeichneten  Abkommen,  wenn 
dasselbe  abgeschlossen  ist,  und  dem  zu  Wien  am  7.  Oktober  1879 
unterzeichneten  und  am  2 1 .  desselben  Monats  ratifizirten  Defen- 
sivbiindniss  zwischen  1. 1.  Majestaten,  dem  deutschen  Kaiser  und 
S.  apostolischen  M.,2  bestehen  wird,  haben  die  kaiserlich  deutsche 
und  die  kaiserliche  und  konigliche  oesterreichisch-ungarische 
Regierung  die  Uebereinstimmung  ihrer  Auffassung  und  Willens- 
meinung  dariiber  constatirt, 

dass  das  in  Aussicht  genommene  Abkommen  zu  Drei  ihrem 
Allianzvertrage  vom  7.  Oktober  1879  in  keinem  Falle  derogiren 
kann;  der  letztere  vielmehr,  wie  wenn  das  erstere  nicht  existirte, 
gemass  seinem  Inhalte  und  den  Intentionen  der  beiden  vertrag- 
schliessenden  Machte  bindend  bleibt  und  erfiillt  werden  wird; 

dass  der  Vertrag  vom  7.  Oktober  1879  daher  massgebend  bleibt 
fur  das  Verhalten  beider  Machte,  ohne  durch  den  beabsichtigten 
neuen  Vertrag  mit  Russland  in  irgend  einem  Punkte  eine  Ein- 
schrankung  oder  Aenderung  zu  erleiden. 

Zur  Urkund  dessen  ist  gegenwartige  Ministerial-Erklarung, 
welche  ebenso  wie  es  in  Artikel  IV  des  Vertrages  vom  7.  Oktober 
1879  vorgesehen  ist,  geheim  gehalten  werden  soil,  ausgefertigt 

1  German  Declaration:  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen 
Vertragsurkunden,  n.  10,  Geheimakten,  IV,  47;  Austro-Hungarian  Declaration: 
Draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  IV,  47. 


MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION  OF  1881  33 

2. 

MINISTERIAL     DECLARATION     OF     POLICY     IN 
REGARD  TO  THE  RELATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO- 
GERMAN  ALLIANCE   TO  THE   LEAGUE   OF  THE 
THREE  EMPERORS.     1881. 

MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION. 

With  regard  to  the  negotiations  which  are  to  take  place  between 
His  Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia,  His  Majesty 
the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the 
Emperor  of  All  the  Russias  concerning  an  Agreement  for  the 
safeguarding  of  the  defensive  position  of  their  States,  and  for 
the  elucidation  of  the  relation  which  will  exist  between  the  afore- 
mentioned Agreement,  if  it  should  be  concluded,  and  the  de- 
fensive Alliance  which  was  signed  at  Vienna  on  October  7,  1879, 
and  ratified  on  the  2ist  day  of  the  same  month,  between  Their 
Majesties  the  German  Emperor  and  His  Apostolic  Majesty,  the 
Imperial  German  Government  and  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Austro-Hungarian  Government  have  in  this  matter  recorded 
the  agreement  of  their  conception  and  of  their  intention, 

that  the  prospective  Triple  Agreement  can  under  no  circum- 
stance prejudice  their  Treaty  of  Alliance  of  October  7,  1879;  the 
latter,  on  the  contrary,  remains  binding,  as  if  the  former  did  not 
exist,  and  shall  be  executed  according  to  its  contents  and  the  in- 
tentions of  the  two  treaty-making  Powers; 

that  the  Treaty  of  October  7,  1879,  therefore  continues  to 
determine  the  relations  of  the  two  Powers  without  undergoing 
limitation  or  alteration  in  any  point  whatsoever  through  the 
prospective  new  Treaty  with  Russia. 

In  witness  whereof  the  present  Ministerial  Declaration,  which 
in  accordance  with  the  stipulation  in  Article  IV  of  the  Treaty 

With  the  exception  of  the  alternat,  both  Declarations  are  the  same.  The  German 
Ministerial  Declaration  is  printed  here;  the  variations  of  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Declaration  are  added  in  the  notes. 

*  In  the  Austro-Hungarian  Declaration  the  order  is  reversed. 


34  MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION  OF  1881 

worden,  um  gegen  eine  gleichlautende  Erklarung  des  kaiserlichen 
und  koniglichen  oesterreichisch-ungarischen  Ministeriums  des 
Aeussern 3  ausgewechselt  zu  warden. 

Berlin,  den  i8ten  Mai  1881. 

Der  Reichskanzler4 
L.S.  v.  Bismarck. 

3  In  the  Austro-Hungarian  Declaration  the  exchange  of  a  corresponding  German 
Declaration  is  provided  for. 

4  In  the  Austro-Hungarian  Declaration  the  date  and  signature  read:   "Wien, 
den  21.  Mai  1881.    Der  Minister  des  kais.  Hauses  und  des  Aussern:  Freiherr  von 
Haymerle." 


MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION  OF  1881  35 

of  October  7,  1879,  shall  be  kept  secret,  has  been  prepared,  to  be 
exchanged  against  a  declaration  of  similar  purport  of  the  Imperial 
and  Royal  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Berlin,  May  18,  1881. 

L.  S.  The  Imperial  Chancellor 

v.  Bismarck. 


36  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 

3- 

THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 
OF  1881. 


Convention  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire, 
and  Russia.     Berlin,  June  18,  i88i.1 

Les  cours  d'Autriche-Hongrie,  d'Allemagne  et  de  Russie,  ani- 
mees  d'un  egal  desir  de  consolider  la  paix  generate  par  une  entente 
destinee  a  assurer  la  position  defensive  de  leurs  etats  respectifs, 
sont  tombees  d'accord  sur  certaines  questions  qui  touchent  plus 
specialement  a  leurs  interets  reciproques. 

Dans  ce  but  les  trois  cours  ont  nomme: 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie,  le  sieur  Emeric  comte  Szechenyi,  son  ambassa- 
deur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  le  sieur  Othon 
prince  de  Bismarck,  son  president  du  conseil  des  ministres  de 
Prusse,  chancelier  de  Fempire, 

S.  M.  1'empereur  de  toutes  les  Russies,  le  sieur  Pierre  de 
Sabouroff,  conseiller  prive,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et 
plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

lesquels  munis  de  pleins-pouvoirs  qui  ont  ete  trouves  en  bonne 
et  due  forme  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Dans  le  cas  ou  1'une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  trou- 
verait  en  guerre  avec  une  quatrieme  grande  puissance,  les  deux 
autres  maintiendront  a  son  egard  une  neutralite  bienveillante  et 
voueront  leurs  soins  a  la  localisation  du  conflit. 

Cette  stipulation  s'appliquera  egalement  a  une  guerre  entre 
1'une  des  trois  puissances  et  la  Turquie,  mais  seulement  dans  le 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  u,  Geheimakten,  IV,  62. 

Also  printed  in  Dokumenle  aus  dem  russischen  Geheimarchiv  (Berlin,  1918), 
pp.  7-1  1. 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  37 

3- 

THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 
OF  1881. 

(a) 

Convention  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire, 
and  Russia.    Berlin,  June  18,  1881. 

The  Courts  of  Austria-Hungary,  of  Germany,  and  of  Russia, 
animated  by  an  equal  desire  to  consolidate  the  general  peace  by 
an  understanding  intended  to  assure  the  defensive  position  of 
their  respective  States,  have  come  into  agreement  on  certain 
questions  which  more  especially  concern  their  reciprocal  in- 
terests. 

With  this  purpose  the  three  Courts  have  appointed: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Sieur  Emeric  Count  Sze- 
chenyi,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the 
Sieur  Otto  Prince  Bismarck,  His  President  of  the  Council  of 
Ministers  of  Prussia,  Chancellor  of  the  Empire, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  All  the  Russias,  the  Sieur  Peter 
Sabouroff,  Privy  Councillor,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King 
of  Prussia, 

who,  furnished  with  full  powers,  which  have  been  found  in 
good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

In  case  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should  find  itself 
at  war  with  a  fourth  Great  Power,  the  two  others  shall  maintain 
towards  it  a  benevolent  neutrality  and  shall  devote  their  efforts 
to  the  localization  of  the  conflict. 

This  stipulation  shall  apply  likewise  to  a  war  between  one  of 
the  three  Powers  and  Turkey,  but  only  in  the  case  where  a  pre- 


38  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 

cas  ou  un  accord  prealable  aura  ete  etabli  entre  les  trois  cours  sur 
les  resultats  de  cette  guerre. 

Pour  le  cas  special  ou  Tune  d'elles  obtiendrait  de  Tun  de  ses 
deux  allies  un  concours  plus  positif,  la  valeur  obligatoire  du  pre- 
sent article  restera  dans  toute  sa  vigueur  pour  la  troisieme. 

ARTICLE  II. 

La  Russie,  d'accord  avec  rAllemagne,  declare  sa  ferme  resolu- 
tion de  respecter  les  interets  qui  decoulent  de  la  nouvelle  position 
assuree  a  1'Autriche-Hongrie  par  le  traite  de  Berlin. 

Les  trois  cours,  desireuses  d'eviter  tout  desaccord  entre  elles, 
s'engagent  a  tenir  compte  de  leurs  interets  respectifs  dans  la 
peninsule  des  Balcans.  Elles  se  promettent  de  plus  que  de  nou- 
velles  modifications  dans  le  statu  quo  territorial  de  la  Turquie 
d'Europe  ne  pourront  s'accomplir  qu'en  vertu  d'un  commun  ac- 
cord entre  elles. 

Afin  de  faciliter  1'accord  prevu  par  le  present  article,  accord 
dont  il  est  impossible  de  prevoir  d'avance  toutes  les  modalites,  les 
trois  cours  constatent  des  a  present  dans  le  protocole  annexe  a  ce 
traite  les  points  sur  lesquels  une  entente  a  deja  ete  etablie  en 
principe. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Les  trois  cours  reconnaissent  le  caractere  europeen  et  mutuelle- 
ment  obligatoire  du  principe  de  la  fermeture  des  detroits  du  Bos- 
phore  et  des  Dardanelles,  fonde  sur  le  droit  des  gens,  confinne  par 
les  traites  et  resume  par  la  declaration  du  second  plenipotentiaire 
de  Russie  a  la  seance  du  12  juillet  du  congres  de  Berlin  (proto- 
cole 19). 

Elles  veilleront  en  commun  a  ce  que  la  Turquie  ne  fasse  pas 
d'exception  a  cette  regie  en  faveur  des  interets  d'un  gouverne- 
ment  quelconque,  en  pretant  a  des  operations  guerrieres  d'une 
puissance  belligerante  la  partie  de  son  empire  que  forment  les 
detroits. 

En  cas  d'infraction,  ou  pour  la  prevenir  si  une  pareille  infrac- 
tion etait  a  prevoir,  les  trois  cours  avertiront  la  Turquie  qu'elles 
la  considereraient,  le  cas  echeant,  comme  s'etant  mise  en  etat  de 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  39 

vious  agreement  shall  have  been  reached  between  the  three 
Courts  as  to  the  results  of  this  war. 

In  the  special  case  where  one  of  them  should  obtain  a  more 
positive  support  from  one  of  its  two  Allies,  the  obligatory  value 
of  the  present  Article  shall  remain  in  all  its  force  for  the  third. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Russia,  in  agreement  with  Germany,  declares  her  firm  reso- 
lution to  respect  the  interests  arising  from  the  new  position  as- 
sured to  Austria-Hungary  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

The  three  Courts,  desirous  of  avoiding  all  discord  between 
them,  engage  to  take  account  of  their  respective  interests  in  the 
Balkan  Peninsula.  They  further  promise  one  another  that  any 
new  modifications  in  the  territorial  status  quo  of  Turkey  in 
Europe  can  be  accomplished  only  in  virtue  of  a  common  agree- 
ment between  them. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  agreement  contemplated  by  the  pres- 
ent Article,  an  agreement  of  which  it  is  impossible  to  foresee  all 
the  conditions,  the  three  Courts  from  the  present  moment  record 
in  the  Protocol  annexed  to  this  Treaty  the  points  on  which  an 
understanding  has  already  been  established  in  principle. 

ARTICLE  III. 

The  three  Courts  recognize  the  European  and  mutually  obli- 
gatory character  of  the  principle  of  the  closing  of  the  Straits  of 
the  Bosphorus  and  of  the  Dardanelles,  founded  on  international 
law,  confirmed  by  treaties,  and  summed  up  in  the  declaration  of 
the  second  Plenipotentiary  of  Russia  at  the  session  of  July  1 2  of 
the  Congress  of  Berlin  (Protocol  19). 

They  will  take  care  in  common  that  Turkey  shall  make  no 
exception  to  this  rule  in  favor  of  the  interests  of  any  Government 
whatsoever,  by  lending  to  warlike  operations  of  a  belligerent 
Power  the  portion  of  its  Empire  constituted  by  the  Straits. 

In  case  of  infringement,  or  to  prevent  it  if  such  infringement 
should  be  in  prospect,  the  three  Courts  will  inform  Turkey  that 
they  would  regard  her,  in  that  event,  as  putting  herself  in  a  state 


40  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 

guerre  vis-a-vis  de  la  partie  lesee,  et  comme  s'etant  privee  des  lors 
des  benefices  de  securite,  assures  par  le  traite  de  Berlin  a  son 
statu  quo  territorial. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Le  present  traite  sera  en  vigueur  pendant  1'espace  de  trois 
ans  a  dater  du  jour  de  Techange  des  ratifications. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
le  secret  sur  le  contenu  et  sur  1'existence  du  present  traite  aussi 
bien  que  du  protocole  y  annexe. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Les  conventions  secretes  conclues  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et 
la  Russie  et  entre  rAllemagne  et  la  Russie  en  1873  sont  rempla- 
cees  par  le  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  VTI. 

Les  ratifications  du  present  traite  et  du  protocole  y  annexe 
seront  echangees  a  Berlin  dans  1'espace  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus 
tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

En  fois  (!)  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe 
le  present  traite  et  y  ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  le  dix-huitieme  jour  du  mois  de  juin  mil  huit  cent 
quatre-vingt  et  un. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  Sabouroff. 

1  Ratification  of  the  Alliance  and  Separate  Protocol  (infra),  by  Emperor  and 
King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  June  23,  1881  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheim- 
akten,  IV,  64);  by  Emperor  William  I,  Ems,  June  23,  1881  (original:  St.  A., 
Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen) ;  by  Emperor  Alexander  III, 
Peterhof,  June  12/25,  I88i  (original:  ibid.);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications 
(printed  infra,  (</)),  Berlin,  June  27,  1881  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheim- 
akten,  IV,  64). 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  41 

of  war  towards  the  injured  Party,  and  as  having  deprived  her- 
self thenceforth  of  the  benefits  of  the  security  assured  to  her 
territorial  status  quo  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  in  force  during  a  period  of  three 
years,  dating  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications. 

ARTICLE  V. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as 
to  the  contents  and  the  existence  of  the  present  Treaty,  as  well 
as  of  the  Protocol  annexed  thereto. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

The  secret  Conventions  concluded  between  Austria-Hungary 
and  Russia  and  between  Germany  and  Russia  in  1873  are  re' 
placed  by  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty  and  of  the  Protocol  an- 
nexed thereto  shall  be  exchanged  at  Berlin  within  a  fortnight,  or 
sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  presective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
the  present  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  eighteenth  day  of  the  month  of  June,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-one. 

L.  S.  Sz£ch£nyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  Sabouroff. 


42  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 


Separate  Protocol  on  the  same  date  to  the  Convention  of  Berlin. 
June  18,  1  88  1? 

Les  soussignes  plenipotentiaires  de  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Au- 
triche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie, 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  et 

S.  M.  1'empereur  de  toutes  les  Russies, 

ayant  constate  conformement  a  1'article  II  du  traite  secret 
conclu  aujourd'hui  les  points  touchant  les  interets  des  trois  cours 
d'Autriche-Hongrie,  d'Allemagne  et  de  Russie  dans  la  peninsule 
des  Balcans  sur  lesquels  une  entente  a  deja  etc  etablie  entre  elles 
sont  convenus  du  protocole  suivant: 

i.   BOSNIE  ET  HERZEGOWINE. 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  se  reserve  de  s'annexer  ces  deux  provinces 
au  moment  qu'elle  jugera  opportun. 

2.   SANDJAK  DE  NOVIBAZAR. 

La  declaration  echangee  entre  les  plenipotentiaires  austro- 
hongrois  et  les  plenipotentiaires  russes  au  congres  de  Berlin  en 
date  du  13/1  juillet  1878  reste  en  vigueur. 

3.  ROUMELIE  ORIENTALE. 

Les  trois  puissances  sont  d'accord  pour  envisager  1'eventualite 
d'une  occupation  soit  de  la  Roumelie  Orientale  soit  des  Balcans 
comme  pleine  de  perils  pour  la  paix  generate.  Le  cas  echeant  elles 
emploieront  leurs  efforts  pour  detourner  la  Porte  d'une  pareille 
entreprise,  bien  entendu  que  la  Bulgarie  et  la  Roumelie  Orientale 
devront  de  leur  cote  s'abstenir  de  provoquer  la  Porte  par  des 
attaques  partant  de  leurs  territoires  centre  les  autres  provinces 
de  1'empire  ottoman. 

4.  BULGARIE. 

Les  trois  puissances  ne  s'opposeront  pas  a  la  reunion  even- 
tuelle  de  la  Bulgarie  et  de  la  Roumelie  Orientale  dans  les  limites 
territoriales  qui  leur  sont  assignees  par  le  traite  de  Berlin,  si  cette 

8  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  n,  Geheimakten,  IV,  62. 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  43 

(b) 

Separate  Protocol  on  the  same  date  to  the  Convention  of  Berlin. 

June  18,  1 88 1. 

The  undersigned  Plenipotentiaries  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor 
of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  and 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  All  the  Russias, 

having  recorded  in  accordance  with  Article  II  of  the  secret 
Treaty  concluded  today  the  points  affecting  the  interests  of  the 
three  Courts  of  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Russia  in  the 
Balkan  Peninsula  upon  which  an  understanding  has  already  been 
reached  among  them,  have  agreed  to  the  following  Protocol: 

i.  BOSNIA  AND  HERZEGOVINA. 

Austria-Hungary  reserves  the  right  to  annex  these  provinces 
at  whatever  moment  she  shall  deem  opportune. 

2.  SANJAK  OF  NOVIBAZAR. 

The  Declaration  exchanged  between  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Plenipotentiaries  and  the  Russian  Plenipotentiaries  at  the  Con- 
gress of  Berlin  under  date  of  July  13/1,  1878,  remains  in  force. 

3.  EASTERN  RTJMELIA. 

The  three  Powers  agree  in  regarding  the  eventuality  of  an 
occupation  either  of  Eastern  Rumelia  or  of  the  Balkans  as  full 
of  perils  for  the  general  peace.  In  case  this  should  occur,  they 
will  employ  their  efforts  to  dissuade  the  Porte  from  such  an 
enterprise,  it  being  well  understood  that  Bulgaria  and  Eastern 
Rumelia  on  their  part  are  to  abstain  from  provoking  the  Porte 
by  attacks  emanating  from  their  territories  against  the  other 
provinces  of  the  Ottoman  Empire. 

4.  BULGARIA. 

The  three  Powers  will  not  oppose  the  eventual  reunion  of 
Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Rumelia  within  the  territorial  limits  as- 
signed to  them  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  if  this  question  should 


44  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 

question  venait  a  surgir  par  la  force  des  choses.  Elles  sont 
d'accord  pour  detourner  les  Bulgares  de  toute  agression  centre  les. 
provinces  voisines,  nommement  la  Macedoine  et  pour  leur  de- 
clarer qu'en  pareil  cas  ils  agiraient  a  leurs  risques  et  perils. 

5.  ATTITUDE  DES  AGENTS  EN  ORIENT. 

Ann  d'eviter  des  froissements  d'interets  dans  les  questions  lo- 
cales qui  peuvent  surgir,  les  trois  cours  muniront  leurs  represen- 
tants  et  agents  en  Orient  d'une  instruction  generate4  pour  leur 

4  The  Circular  Instruction  of  September  29,  1881,  sent  to  the  representatives 
of  Austria-Hungary  in  Constantinople,  Bucharest,  Athens,  Belgrade,  Cettinje,  and 
Sofia  (draft  corrected  in  Baron  Haymerle's  own  handwriting,  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch., 
Zirkulare  Fasz.  90)  reads  as  follows: 

[Passages  in  square  brackets  were  the  original  wording.] 

"Die  mit  der  Losung  einiger  brennender  Fragen  im  Orient  eingetretene  Beruhi- 
gung  [originally :  Die  Beruhigung,  welche  nach  Losung  einiger  brennenderer  Fragen 
im  Orient  eingetreten]  ist  hauptsachlich  dem  eintrachtigen  Vorgehen  der  Signatar- 
machte  zu  verdanken.  Dieselben  sind  auch  heute  in  dem  Bestreben  einig,  den 
Frieden  auf  der  Balkanhalbinsel  und  die  ruhige  Entwicklung  der  dortigen  Verhalt- 
nisse  zu  fordern  und  alles  zu  vermeiden,  was  diese  zu  storen  geeignet  ware. 

"In  ganz  besondrer  Weise  sind  hieran  die  Regierungen  von  Oesterreich-Ungarn, 
Deutschland  und  Russland  interessirt;  denn  diese  Politik  sichert  nicht  nur  den 
Frieden  im  Orient,  sondern  bringt  auch  die  zwischen  den  Monarchen  [ihnen]  herr- 
schenden  freundschaftlichen  Beziehungen  [welche  den  Gesinnungen  ihrer  Mon- 
archen entsprechen]  zum  richtigen  Ausdruck. 

"Urn  diese  Ubereinstimmung  gegen  jeden  Zwischenfall  sicherzustellen,  bedarf 
es  eines  vertrauensvollen  geschaf  tlichen  wie  socialen  Zusammengehens  der  betreffen- 
den  Vertreter  im  Orient.  Hierin  diirfen  sich  dieselben  weder  durch  Zeitungsfehden, 
wie  sie  in  Folge  entstellter  Mittheilungen  hie  und  da  auf  tauchen,  noch  durch  etwaige 
personliche  Verstimmungen  oder  Rivalitaten,  zu  welchen  die  eigenthiimlichen  Ver- 
haltnisse  der  Levante  Anlass  geben  mogen,  beirren  lassen. 

"Ew.  .  .  .  wollen  daher,  indem  Sie  zugleich  [originally:  nicht  aufhoren]  die 
guten  Beziehungen  zu  den  Vertretern  aller  Machte  nach  wie  vor  auf's  sorgfaltigste 
pflegen,  in  wichtigen  Fragen,  welche  an  dem  Orte  Ihrer  Wirksamkeit  sich  darbieten, 
stets  die  freundschaftliche  Verstandigung  mit  Ihren  Collegen  von  Deutschland  und 
Russland  anstreben  und  Meinungsverschiedenheiten,  deren  Beilegung  an  Ort  und 
Stelle  nicht  gelingt,  der  Regierung  unterbreiten,  damit  durch  directes  Benehmen 
zwischen  den  betheiligten  Cabineten  derartige  Differenzen  ausgeglichen  werden, 
bevor  sich  die  Regierungen  vor  eine  unerwiinschte  Situation  gestellt  sehen. 

"Angelegenheiten,  die  ausschliesslich  osterreichisch-ungarische  Interessen  be- 
treffen,  der  Schutz  unsrer  Staatsangehorigen,  commercielle  oder  Rechtsfragen, 
[commercielle  Fragen  oder  solche]  die  aus  den  Vertragen  fliessen  u.  s.  f.,  bleiben 
Ihrer  selbstandigen  Aktion  vorbehalten.  Es  ist  jedoch  nicht  ausgeschlossen  und 
entspricht  ganz  den  gegenseitigen  aufrichtigen  Beziehungen,  dass  Sie  auch  in 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  45 

come  up  by  the  force  of  circumstances.  They  agree  to  dissuade 
the  Bulgarians  from  all  aggression  against  the  neighboring  prov- 
inces, particularly  Macedonia;  and  to  inform  them  that  in  such 
a  case  they  would  be  acting  at  their  own  risk  and  peril. 

5.  ATTITUDE  OF  AGENTS  EN  THE  EAST. 

In  order  to  avoid  collisions  of  interests  in  the  local  questions 
which  may  arise,  the  three  Courts  will  furnish  their  representa- 
tives and  agents  in  the  Orient  with  a  general  instruction,4  direct- 

solchen  Fallen  die  Unterstiitzung  Ihrer  Collegen  anrufen  oder  die  Ihrige,  wenn  sie 
in  Anspruch  genommen  wird,  bereitwillig  gewahren. 

"Diesen  Erlass  wollen  Sie  als  vertraulichen  ansehen  und  behandeln. 

"Empfangen  etc." 

Translation. 
[The  corrected  wording  is  followed.] 

"The  calm  which  has  followed  the  solution  of  certain  burning  questions  in  the 
Orient  is  chiefly  due  to  the  harmonious  action  of  the  signatory  Powers.  These  are 
today  still  united  in  their  effort  to  further  peace  and  the  tranquil  development  of 
conditions  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  to  avoid  everything  which  might  tend  to 
obstruct  these  aims. 

"The  Governments  of  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Russia  are  very  par- 
ticularly interested  in  this  matter,  for  this  policy  not  only  insures  peace  in  the  Orient, 
but  gives  suitable  expression  to  the  friendly  relations  prevailing  between  the 
Monarchs. 

"In  order  to  insure  this  harmony  against  any  mishap,  an  intimate  cooperation 
in  business  as  well  as  social  matters  is  incumbent  on  the  respective  representatives 
in  the  Orient.  They  should  not  allow  themselves  to  be  diverted  from  this  through 
newspaper  quarrels,  which  occasionally  arise  as  the  result  of  misrepresentations,  nor 
through  any  possible  personal  pique  or  rivalry,  to  which  the  peculiar  conditions  of 
the  Levant  might  give  rise. 

"Your  Excellency  will  therefore,  while  continuing  as  before  to  exercise  the  great- 
est care  in  cultivating  good  relations  with  the  representatives  of  all  Powers,  strive 
for  friendly  cooperation  with  your  colleagues  of  Germany  and  Russia  in  the  import- 
ant questions  which  arise  within  the  scene  of  your  activities  and  communicate  to 
the  Government  any  differences  of  opinion  which  cannot  be  settled  on  the  spot,  in 
order  that  such  divergences  may  be  adjusted  through  direct  action  between  the 
respective  Cabinets,  before  the  Governments  are  confronted  with  an  undesirable 
situation. 

"Matters  exclusively  affecting  Austro-Hungarian  interests,  such  as  the  protec- 
tion of  our  nationals,  questions  of  commerce  or  law  arising  from  the  treaties,  shall 
remain  subject  to  your  own  independent  action.  It  is  not  out  of  the  question,  how- 
ever, and  it  is  wholly  in  accordance  with  the  reciprocally  cordial  relations,  that  you 
should  request  the  support  of  your  colleagues  even  in  such  cases,  or  readily  grant 
your  own  support  if  it  should  be  called  for. 


46  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 

prescrire  de  s'efforcer  a  aplanir  leurs  divergences  par  des  explica- 
tions amicales  entre  eux  dans  chaque  cas  special  et  pour  les  cas  ou 
ils  n'y  parviendraient  pas  d'en  referer  a  leurs  gouvernements. 

6. 

Le  present  protocole  fait  partie  integrante  du  traite  secret  signe 
en  ce  jour  a  Berlin  et  aura  meme  force  et  valeur. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et  y 
ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  le  18  juin  1881. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  SabourofL 

w 

Additional  Protocol  to  the  Convention  of  June  18,  1881.    Berlin, 

June  27,  1 88 1.5 

Pour  preciser  davantage  le  paragraphe  5  du  protocole6  annexe 
au  traite  secret  du  18  juin  1881,  les  soussignes  plenipotentiaires  de 
S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Hongrie  et  de  S.  M.  1'empe- 
reur  de  toutes  les  Russies  declarent  que  les  "  questions  locales  " 
mentionnees  dans  le  dit  paragraphe  ne  comprennent  pas  les 
affaires  interessant  specialement  et  exclusivement  soit  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  soit  la  Russie,  telles  que  la  protection  des  nationaux 
respectifs^  les  questions  commerciales,  reclamations,  droits  de- 
coulant  des  traites  etc. 

II  est  entendu  que  le  concours  amical,  sans  etre  obligatoire, 
pourra  etre  demande  et  accorde  mutuellement  par  les  agents  des 
deux  etats  aussi  dans  les  questions  qui  ne  tombent  pas  sous  le 
paragraphe  5  du  protocole. 

Berlin,  le  27  juin  1881. 

Szechenyi.  Sabouroff. 

"You  will  regard  and  treat  this  Instruction  as  confidential. 

"I  have,  etc." 

According  to  a  telegram  from  Berlin,  dated  September  8,  1881  (St.  A.,  Polit. 
Arch.,  Geheimakten,  IV,  70),  and  a  telegram  from  St.  Petersburg,  dated  Septem- 
ber 14,  1881  (ibid.,  IV,  73),  this  Austro-Hungarian  draft  was  taken  as  the  basis 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  47 

ing  them  to  endeavor  to  smooth  out  their  divergences  by  friendly 
explanations  between  themselves  in  each  special  case;  and,  in 
the  cases  where  they  do  not  succeed  in  doing  so,  to  refer  the 
matters  to  their  Governments. 

6. 

The  present  Protocol  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  secret 
Treaty  signed  on  this  day  at  Berlin,  and  shall  have  the  same 
force  and  validity. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  June  18,  1881. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  Sabouroff. 

w 

Additional  Protocol  to  the  Convention  of  June  18,  1881.  Berlin, 

June  27,  1 88 1. 

In  order  to  define  still  more  precisely  Paragraph  5  of  the  Proto- 
col6  annexed  to  the  secret  Treaty  of  June  18,  1881,  the  under- 
signed Plenipotentiaries  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria, 
King  of  Hungary,  and  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  All  the 
Russias  declare  that  the  '  local  questions  '  mentioned  in  the  said 
paragraph  do  not  comprise  affairs  specially  and  exclusively  in- 
teresting either  Austria-Hungary  or  Russia,  such  as  the  protec- 
tion of  the  respective  nationals,  commercial  questions,  claims, 
rights  derived  from  treaties,  etc. 

It  is  understood  that  friendly  cooperation,  without  being  ob- 
ligatory, may  also  be  asked  and  accorded  reciprocally  by  the 
agents  of  the  two  States  in  questions  which  do  not  fall  under  Para- 
graph 5  of  the  Protocol. 

Berlin,  June  27,  1881. 

Szechenyi.  Sabouroff. 

for  similar  instructions  by  the  German  Empire  and  by  Russia.    Compare  also  the 
Protocol  of  June  27,  1881,  printed  herewith  under  (c). 

6  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  dergeheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n. 
11,  Geheimakten,  IV,  65.  •  Compare  page  44. 


48  THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS 

W 

Proces-verbal  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  Convention 
of  June  18,  1881.    Berlin,  June  27,  i88i.7 

PROCES-VERBAL. 

Le  27  juin  1881  les  soussignes  se  sont  reunis  au  ministere  des 
affaires  etrangeres  a  Berlin  a  1'effet  de  proceder  a  1'echange  des 
ratifications  du  traite  secret  et  du  protocole  y  annexe,  signes  a  Ber- 
lin le  1 8  juin  1881  par  les  plenipotentiaires  de  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  de  S.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  et  de  S.  M.  1'empereur  des 
toutes  les  Russies.  Les  six  instruments  ayant  ete  produits,  les 
soussignes  ont  constate  les  errata  suivants: 

1.  Dans  1'exemplaire  allemand  destine  a  la  Russie,  1'alternat 
n'a  pas  ete  observe. 

2.  Dans  1'exemplaire  autrichien  destine  a  FAllemagne,  le  mot 
"  entre  "  a  ete  omis  a  la  fin  de  la  premiere  ligne  du  second  alinea 
de  1'article  I  du  traite. 

3.  Dans  1'exemplaire  allemand  destine  a  la  Russie,  le  mot 
"  divergence  "  da,ns  Particle  V  du  protocole  est  ecrit  "  diver- 
geance." 

4.  Dans  1'exemplaire  autrichien  destine  a  la  Russie^  a  la  se- 
conde  ligne  du  preambule  du  traite,  le  mot  "  animees  "  est  ecrit 
au  masculin. 

Pour  le  reste  les  soussignes  ont  trouve,  apres  examen,  les  in- 
struments en  bonne  et  due  forme  et  ont  opere  1'echange. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  soussignes  ont  dresse  le  present  proces- 
verbal  qu'ils  ont  revetu  de  leur  signature  et  du  sceau  de  leurs 
armes. 

Fait  au  ministere  des  affaires  etrangeres  a  Berlin,  le  27  juin 
1881. 

L.S.  Szechenyi. 

L.S.  Busch. 

L.S.  Sabouroff. 

7  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  u,  Geheimakten,  IV,  64. 


THE  LEAGUE  OF  THE  THREE  EMPERORS  49 


Proces-verbal  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  Convention 
of  June  18,  1881.    Berlin,  June  27,  1881. 

FROCKS-VERBAL. 

On  June  27,  1881,  the  undersigned  met  together  at  the  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs  at  Berlin  for  the  purpose  of  proceeding 
with  the  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  secret  Treaty  and  of  the 
Protocol  thereto  annexed,  signed  at  Berlin,  June  18,  1881,  by  the 
Plenipotentiaries  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King 
of  Bohemia,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  of  His  Majesty 
the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  and  of  His  Majesty 
the  Emperor  of  All  the  Russias.  The  six  instruments  having 
been  produced,  the  undersigned  have  found  the  following 
errata: 

1.  In  the  German  copy  intended  for  Russia,  the  alternat  has 
not  been  observed. 

2.  In  the  Austrian  copy  intended  for  Germany,  the  word 
"  between  "  has  been  omitted  at  the  end  of  the  first  line  of  the 
second  paragraph  of  Article  I  of  the  Treaty. 

3.  In  the  German  copy  intended  for  Russia,  the  word  "diver- 
gence" in  Article  V  of  the  Protocol  is  written  "divergeance." 

4.  In  the  Austrian  copy  intended  for  Russia,  in  the  second  line 
of  the  preamble  of  the  Treaty,  the  word  "animated"  is  written  in 
the  masculine. 

In  other  respects,  the  undersigned  after  examination  have  found 
the  instruments  in  good  and  due  form  and  have  effected  the 
exchange. 

In  witness  whereof  the  undersigned  have  drawn  up  the  present 
Proces-verbal  and  have  affixed  their  signatures  and  the  seal  of 
their  arms. 

Done  at  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  at  Berlin,  June  27, 
1881. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi.. 

L.  S.  Busch.. 

L.  S.  SabourofL 


50  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 

4- 
THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881. 

M 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Serbia.  Belgrade, 
June  16/28,  1 88 1.1 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie,  et 

S.  A.  le  prince  de  Serbie,  animes  du  desir  de  maintenir  la 
paix  en  .Orient  et  de  garantir  les  relations  de  parfaite  amitie  qui 
existent  entre  leurs  gouvernements  centre  toutes  les  eventualites, 
ont  resolu  de  conclure  a  cette  fin  un  traite  et  ont  nomme  pour 
leurs  plenipotentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  imperiale  et  royale  apostolique: 

le  sieur  Gabriel  baron  de  Herbert-Rathkeal,  son  chambellan, 
ministre-resident  en  Serbie  etc., 

S.  A.  le  prince  de  Serbie: 

le  sieur  Chedomille  Mijatovich,  son  ministre  des  affaires 
etrangeres  etc.  etc. 

lesquels  apres  s'etre  communique  leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trou- 
ves  en  bonrie  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

II  y  aura  paix  et  amitie  constantes  entre  l'Autriche-Hongrie 
et  la  Serbie.  Les  deux  gouvernements  s'engagent  a  suivre  mu- 
tuellement  une  politique  amicale. 

ARTICLE  II. 

La  Serbie  ne  tolerera  point  des  menees  politiques,  religieuses 
ou  autres  qui,  prenant  son  territoire  pour  point  de  depart,  se  diri- 
geraient  centre  la  monarchic  austro-hongroise,  y  compris  la 
Bosnie,  1'Herzegovine  et  le  sandjak  de  Novibazar. 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  assume  la  meme  obligation  a  Fegard  de 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  12,  Geheimakten,  V,  2  b. 

Expired  January  13,  1895  (Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIII,  3). 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  51 

4- 
THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  A  lliance  between  A ustria-Hungary  and  Serbia.    Belgrade, 
June  16/28,  1 88 1. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and 

His  Highness  the  Prince  of  Serbia,  animated  by  the  desire  to 
maintain  peace  in  the  Orient  and  to  guarantee  against  all  eventu- 
alities the  relations  of  perfect  friendship  which  exist  between 
Their  Governments,  have  resolved  to  conclude  to  this  end  a 
Treaty  and  have  appointed  as  Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Imperial  and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty: 

the  Sieur  Gabriel  Baron  von  Herbert-Rathkeal,  His  Chamber- 
lain, Minister  Resident  in  Serbia,  etc., 

His  Highness  the  Prince  of  Serbia: 

the  Sieur  Chedomille  Mijatovich,  His  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  etc.,  etc., 

who,  after  having  communicated  to  one  another  their  full 
powers,  found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  fol- 
lowing Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

There  shall  be  stable  peace  and  friendship  between  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Serbia.  The  two  Governments  engage  to  follow 
mutually  a  friendly  policy. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Serbia  will  not  tolerate  political,  religious,  or  other  intrigues, 
which,  taking  her  territory  as  a  point  of  departure,  might  be 
directed  against  the  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy,  including 
therein  Bosnia,  Herzegovina,  and  the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar. 

Austria-Hungary  assumes  the  same  obligation  with  regard  to 


52  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 

la  Serbie  et  de  sa  dynastic  dont  elle  appuiera  le  maintien  et  le 
raffermissement  par  toute  son  influence. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Si  le  prince  de  Serbie  jugeait  necessaire,  dans  1'interet  de  sa 
dynastic  et  de  son  pays,  de  prendre  pour  sa  personne  et  ses  de- 
scendants le  titre  de  roi,  rAutriche-Hongrie  reconnaltra  ce  titre 
aussitot  que  la  proclamation  en  aura  ete  faite  dans  les  formes 
legales,  et  usera  de  son  influence  pour  en  obtenir  la  reconnaissance 
de  la  part  des  autres  puissances. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  s'emploiera  pour  seconder  les  intere'ts  de 
la  Serbie  aupres  des  autres  cabinets  europeens. 

A  moins  d'une  entente  prealable  avec  rAutriche-Hongrie  la 
Serbie  ne  negociera  ni  ne  conclura  de  traite  politique  avec  un 
autre  gouvernement  et  n'admettra  pas  sur  son  territoire  une  force 
armee  etrangere,  soit  reguliere  soit  irreguliere,  meme  a  titre  de 
volontaires. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Si  1'Autriche-Hongrie  etait  menacee  d'une  guerre  ou  se  trou- 
vait  en  guerre  avec  une  ou  plusieurs  autres  puissances,  la  Serbie 
observera  vis-a-vis  de  la  monarchic  austro-hongroise,  y  compris 
la  Bosnie,  PHerzegovine  et  le  sandjak  de  Novibazar,  une  neutra- 
lite  amicale  et  lui  accordera  conformement  a  leur  etroite  amitie 
et  a  1'esprit  de  ce  traite  toutes  les  facilites  possibles. 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  assume  la  meme  obligation  vis-a-vis  de  la 
Serbie  dans  le  cas  ou  celle-ci  serait  menacee  d'une  guerre  ou  se 
trouverait  en  guerre. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Pour  le  cas,  ou  une  cooperation  militaire  serait  consideree 
necessaire  par  les  deux  parties  contractantes,  les  questions 
touchant  cette  cooperation,  notamment  celles  du  commandement 
superieur  et  du  passage  eventuel  des  troupes  par  les  territoires 
respectifs,  seront  reglees  par  une  convention  militaire. 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  53 

Serbia  and  her  dynasty,  the  maintenance  and  strengthening  of 
which  she  will  support  with  all  her  influence. 

ARTICLE  III. 

If  the  Prince  of  Serbia  should  deem  it  necessary,  in  the  interest 
of  His  dynasty  and  of  His  country,  to  take  in  behalf  of  Himself 
and  of  His  descendants  the  title  of  King,  Austria-Hungary  will 
recognize  this  title  as  soon  as  its  proclamation  shall  have  been 
made  in  legal  form,  and  will  use  her  influence  to  secure  recogni- 
tion for  it  on  the  part  of  the  other  Powers. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Austria-Hungary  will  use  her  influence  with  the  other  Euro- 
pean Cabinets  to  second  the  interests  of  Serbia. 

Without  a  previous  understanding  with  Austria-Hungary, 
Serbia  will  neither  negotiate  nor  conclude  any  political  treaty 
with  another  Government,  and  will  not  admit  to  her  territory 
a  foreign  armed  force,  regular  or  irregular,  even  as  volunteers. 

ARTICLE  V. 

If  Austria-Hungary  should  be  threatened  with  war  or  find 
herself  at  war  with  one  or  more  other  Powers,  Serbia  will  observe 
a  friendly  neutrality  towards  the  Austro-Hungarian  Monarchy, 
including  therein  Bosnia,  Herzegovina  and  the  Sanjak  of  Novi- 
bazar,  and  will  accord  to  it  all  possible  facilities,  in  conformity 
with  their  close  friendship  and  the  spirit  of  this  Treaty. 

Austria-Hungary  assumes  the  same  obligation  towards  Serbia, 
in  case  the  latter  should  be  threatened  with  war  or  find  herself 
at  war. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

In  any  case  where  military  cooperation  is  considered  necessary 
by  the  two  Contracting  Parties,  the  questions  touching  this 
cooperation,  especially  those  of  the  superior  command  and  of  the 
contingent  passage  of  troops  through  the  respective  territories, 
shall  be  regulated  by  a  military  convention. 


54  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 

ARTICLE  VII. 

Si,  par  suite  d'un  concours  d'evenements  dont  le  developpe- 
ment  n'est  pas  a  prevoir  aujourd'hui  la  Serbie  etait  en  mesure  de 
faire  des  acquisitions  territoriales  dans  la  direction  de  ses  fron- 
tieres  meridionales  (a  1'exception  du  sandjak  de  Novibazar)  1'Au- 
triche-Hongrie  ne  s'y  opposera  pas  et  s'emploiera  aupres  des 
autres  puissances  afin  de  les  gagner  a  une  attitude  favorable  pour 
la  Serbie. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  pour  la  duree  de  dix  ans 
a  partir  du  jour  de  Techange  des  ratifications.  Six  mois  avant  son 
expiration  les  parties  contractantes  se  concerteront,  s'il  y  a  lieu, 
sur  sa  prolongation  ou  sur  les  modifications  que  les  circonstances 
du  moment  pourraient  rendre  desirables. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

Les  parties  contractantes  s'engagent  a  tenir  secret  le  present 
traite  et  a  n'en  communiquer,  sans  une  entente  prealable,  a  un 
autre  gouvernement  ni  1'existence  ni  la  teneur. 

ARTICLE  X. 

Les  ratifications  du  present  traite  seront  echangees  a  Belgrade 
dans  un  delai  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  Font  signe  et  1'ont 
revetu  du  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Belgrade,  en  double  expedition,  le  vingt  huit/seize  juin 
de  Tan  1881. 

Baron  de  Herbert.  Ch.  Mijatovich. 

L.  S.  L.S. 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Ischl,  July  7,  1881  (draft : 
St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  V,  2);  of  Prince  Milan,  Belgrade,  June  22/ 
July  4,  1881  (original:  ibid.);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Belgrade,  June 
2Q/ July  u,  1881  (original:  ibid.). 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  55 

ARTICLE  VII. 

If,  as  a  result  of  a  combination  of  circumstances  whose  develop- 
ment is  not  to  be  foreseen  at  present,  Serbia  were  in  a  position 
to  make  territorial  acquisitions  in  the  direction  of  her  southern 
frontiers  (with  the  exception  of  the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar), 
Austria-Hungary  will  not  oppose  herself  thereto,  and  will  use 
her  influence  with  the  other  Powers  for  the  purpose  of  winning 
them  over  to  an  attitude  favorable  to  Serbia. 


ARTICLE  VIII. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  a  period  of  ten 
years,  dating  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications.  Six 
months  before  its  expiration  the  Contracting  Parties  shall,  if 
there  is  occasion,  take  counsel  together  in  regard  to  its  prolonga- 
tion or  to  the  modifications  which  the  circumstances  of  the  mo- 
ment may  render  desirable. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

The  Contracting  Parties  undertake  to  keep  the  present  Treaty 
secret,  and  not  to  communicate  either  its  existence  or  its  tenor 
to  any  other  Government  without  a  previous  understanding. 

ARTICLE  X. 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty  shall  be  exchanged  at 
Belgrade  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
it  and  have  affixed  to  it  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Belgrade,  in  duplicate,  the  twenty-eighth/sixteenth  of 
June  of  the  year  1881. 

Baron  de  Herbert.  Ch.  Mijatovich. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


56  THE  AU^TRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 


Personal  Declaration  of  Prince  Milan  that  he  would  carry  out  the 
Treaty  without  restrictions? 

A  S.  Exc.  le  gerant  du  ministere  imperial  et  royal  des  affaires 
etrangeres,  Benjamin  de  Kallay,  a  Vienne. 

Excellence, 

Je  m'empresse  d'accuser  reception  a  Votre  Excellence  de  la 
lettre  qu'elle  a  bien  voulu  m'adresser  par  Fentremise  de  la  lega- 
tion imperiale  et  royale  a  Belgrade,  en  date  du  17  courant  et  en 
reponse  a  celle  que  j'avais  ecrite  le  20  septembre/2  octobre  au 
ministre  eclaire  et  si  sympathique  pour  la  Serbie,  dont  nous 
avons  deplore  avec  vous  la  perte. 

C'est  pour  moi  plus  qu'un  devoir,  c'est  une  veritable  dette  de 
coeur  que  de  venir  aujourd'hui  exprimer  a  Votre  Excellence  ma 
plus  sincere  gratitude  pour  la  preuve  d'amitie  qu'elle  me  temoigne 
en  se  declarant,  a  titre  de  gerant  du  ministere  imperial  et  royal 
des  affaires  etrangeres,  prete  a  accepter  les  propositions  que 
j'avais  faites  a  feu  le  baron  Haymerle. 

Tout  en  lui  ayant  expose  franchement  et  loyalement  les  motifs 
de  ma  demarche,  tout  en  tenant  un  langage  que  ne  saurait  avoir 
que  celui  qui  considere  comme  une  question  d'honneur  de  devel- 
loper  (  !)  les  relations  d'entente  cordiale  avec  la  monarchic  voisine 
qui  a  la  ferme  et  inebranlable  volonte  de  suivre  systematique- 
ment  cette  politique  salutaire  pour  la  Serbie,  je  me  demandais  si 
mes  explications  etaient  suffisament  claires  pour  presenter  a  qui 
de  droit  la  situation  sous  son  veritable  jour  pour  faire  comprendre 
les  reelles  dimcultes  que  j'avais  a  surmonter  et  les  raisons  puis- 
santes  qui  avaient  dicte  ma  conduite. 

Je  me  sentais  d'autant  plus  embarrasse  qu'il  s'agissait  d'un  acte 
qui  avait  regu  une  auguste  sanction  et  qui  a  ce  titre  deja  ne 
pouvait  6tre  1'objet  d'une  discussion  quelconque.  Mes  senti- 
ments de  profond  respect  et  d'invariable  attachement  vis-a-vis 
de  la  personne  de  S.  M.  1'empereur  n'auraient  pu  me  permettre 
de  tolerer  un  instant  cette  eventualite,  de  meme  que  le  souci  de 

3  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  V,  25. 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  57 


Personal  declaration  of  Prince  Milan  that  he  would  carry  out  the 
Treaty  without  restrictions. 

To  His  Excellency  Benjamin  de  Kallay,  in  charge  of  the  Im- 
perial and  Royal  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  at  Vienna. 

Excellency, 

I  hasten  to  acknowledge  receipt  from  Your  Excellency  of  the 
letter  which  you  have  been  good  enough  to  address  to  Me 
through  the  medium  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Legation  at  Bel- 
grade under  the  date  of  the  iyth  instant,  in  reply  to  that  which 
I  had  written  on  September  2o/October  2  to  the  enlightened 
Minister,  so  sympathetic  to  Serbia,  whose  loss  we  have  joined 
you  in  deploring. 

For  Me  it  is  more  than  a  duty,  it  is  a  veritable  debt  of  the 
heart,  to  express  to  Your  Excellency  today  My  most  sincere 
gratitude  for  the  proof  of  friendship  which  you  have  shown  Me  in 
declaring  your  readiness,  as  Official  in  Charge  of  the  Imperial 
and  Royal  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  to  accept  the  proposals 
which  I  had  made  to  the  late  Baron  Haymerle. 

While  I  frankly  and  loyally  laid  before  him  the  motives  for 
My  conduct,  and  at  the  same  time  employed  such  language  as 
could  be  used  only  by  one  who  considers  it  a  question  of  honor 
to  develop  relations  of  cordial  understanding  with  the  neighbor- 
ing Monarchy,  and  who  has  the  firm  and  unshakable  intention  to 
follow  systematically  this  policy  as  salutary  for  Serbia,  I  won- 
dered whether  My  explanations  were  sufficiently  clear  to  present 
the  situation  in  its  true  light  in  proper  quarters  and  to  make 
understood  the  real  difficulties  which  I  had  to  overcome  and  the 
cogent  reasons  which  had  dictated  My  conduct. 

I  felt  Myself  all  the  more  embarrassed  by  the  fact  that  the 
matter  related  to  an  act  which  had  received  an  august  sanction 
and  which  therefore  could  no  longer  be  the  subject  of  any  dis- 
cussion. My  sentiments  of  profound  respect  and  of  unchanging 
affection  for  the  person  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  could  not 
permit  Me  to  tolerate  this  contingency  for  an  instant;  concern 


58  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 

ma  propre  dignite  me  commandait  imperieusement  de  bien 
etablir  d'un  cote  que  M.  Pirotchianatz  n'etait  invest!  par  moi 
d'aucune  mission  officielle,  que  loin  d'approuver  je  condamnais 
ses  scrupules,  et  de  1'autre  cote  que  mes  propositions  avaient  tout 
au  plus  en  vue  de  demander  au  gouvernement  imperial  et  royal 
un  sacrifice  dans  la  forme  et  nullement  dans  le  fond. 

La  reponse  de  Votre  Excellence  est  a  mes  yeux  une  preuve 
precieuse  de  la  confiance  qu'elle  a  bien  voulu  placer  en  ce  que 
j'avais  tache  d'expliquer  nettement  et  de  declarer  non  moins 
categoriquement. 

Je  ne  saurais  que  Ten  remercier  de  tout  coeur  et  1'assurer  en 
meme  temps  que  tous  mes  efforts  a  Favenir  tendront  a  donner  a 
PAutriche-Hongrie  des  gages  constants  de  la  sincerite  de  ma  poli- 
tique  a  son  egard  ainsi  que  du  prix  enorme  que  j 'attache  a  voir 
nos  deux  pays  qui  ont  tant  d'interets  communs  etroitement  lies 
Tun4  a  1'autre. 

Ce  but  sera  d'autant  plus  facile  a  poursuivre  pour  moi,  que 
la  solution  que  m'a  si  gracieusement  offerte  Votre  Excellence 
pour  mettre  fin  aux  difficultes  pendantes  me  permet  de  conserver 
au  pouvoir  les  hommes  que  je  desirais  y  maintenir  non  seulement 
a  cause  de  leur  programme  politique  interieur,  mais  surtout  et 
avant  tout  parcequ'ils  pourront  et  —  j'en  suis  convaincu  — 
voudront  aussi  etre  pour  moi  des  auxiliaires  precieux  dans  la 
politique  que  je  tiens  a  observer  scrupuleusement  vis-a-vis  de  la 
monarchic  voisine  et  qui  decoule  des  engagements  solemnels  que 
j'ai  contractes  a  son  egard. 

Ayant  vivement  a  coeur  de  prouver  des  les  premiers  pas  que  je 
fais  dans  la  voie  que  j'ai  de  mon  propre  gre  choisie  combien  je  tiens 
a  la  fidele  execution  de  mes  promesses,  je  mens,  Excellence,  par  la 
presente  prendre  V engagement  formel  sur  mon  honneur  et  en  ma 
qualite  de  prince  de  Serbie,  de  ne  point  entrer  dans  quelque  negociation 
que  ce  soit  relative  a  un  traite  politique  quelconque  entre  la  Serbie  et 
un  tiers  etat  sans  communication  et  consentement  prealable  de 
VA  utriche-Hongrie. 

Je  prie  Votre  Excellence  de  considerer  le  present  engagement 

4  In  the  original,  "I7  an." 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  59 

for  My  own  dignity  likewise  imperiously  commanded  Me  to 
make  clear,  on  the  one  hand,  that  M.  Pirotchianatz  was  not  in- 
vested by  Me  with  any  official  mission,  and  that,  far  from  ap- 
proving, I  condemned  his  scruples,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
My  proposals  at  most  had  in  view  asking  the  Imperial  and 
Royal  Government  for  a  sacrifice  in  form  and  not  at  all  in 
substance. 

I  regard  the  reply  of  Your  Excellency  as  a  precious  proof  of 
the  confidence  which  you  have  been  good  enough  to  repose  in 
what  I  had  attempted  to  explain  clearly  and  to  state  no  less 
categorically. 

I  can  only  thank  you  for  it  with  all  My  heart  and  assure  you 
at  the  same  time  that  all  My  efforts  in  the  future  will  be  directed 
towards  giving  Austria-Hungary  constant  pledges  of  the  sincerity 
of  My  policy  with  regard  to  her,  as  well  as  of  the  enormous 
value  I  attach  to  seeing  our  two  countries,  which  have  so  many 
common  interests,  closely  bound  to  one  another. 

This  aim  will  be  the  easier  for  Me  to  pursue,  as  the  solution 
which  Your  Excellency  has  so  graciously  offered  Me  for  putting 
an  end  to  the  difficulties  now  pending  permits  Me  to  keep  in 
power  the  men  whom  I  desired  to  maintain  there,  not  only  on 
account  of  their  programme  in  internal  politics,  but  especially 
and  above  all  because  they  can  and  —  I  am  convinced  —  also 
will  be  valuable  aids  to  Me  in  the  policy  which  I  am  anxious  to 
observe  scrupulously  in  relations  with  the  neighboring  Monarchy 
and  which  proceeds  from  solemn  engagements  which  I  have  con- 
tracted towards  it. 

Having  it  much  at  heart  to  prove  with  the  very  first  steps 
which  I  take  in  the  path  I  have  chosen  of  My  own  free  will,  how 
I  hold  to  the  faithful  execution  of  My  promises,  I  hereby,  Excel- 
lency, assume  the  formal  engagement  on  My  honor  and  in  My 
quality  as  Prince  of  Serbia,  not  to  enter  into  any  negotiation  what- 
soever relative  to  any  kind  of  a  political  treaty  between  Serbia  and  a 
third  state  without  communication  with  and  previous  consent  of 
A  ustria-Hungary. 

I  beg  Your  Excellency  to  consider  the  present  engagement  as 


60  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 

comme  ayant  un  caractere  tout  a  fait  officiel  vis-a-vis  du  gouverne- 
ment  de  S.  M.  imperiale  et  royale  apostolique. 

Je  saisis  avec  plaisir  cette  occasion  pour  offrir  a  Votre  Excel- 
lence les  assurances  de  ma  parf  aite  consideration  et  de  ma  sincere 
reconnaissance. 
Belgrad  le  12/24  octobre  1881. 

M.  M.  Obrenovitsch 
prince  de  Serbie. 

fc) 

Declaration  of  the  Governments  of  Austria-Hungary  and  of  Serbia 
in  regard  to  the  meaning  of  Article  IV.5 

DECLARATION. 

Des  doutes  s'etant  eleves  sur  le  sens  et  la  portee  du  passage 
suivant  de  Farticle  IV  du  traite  secret  conclu  entre  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  et  la  Serbie  en  date  du  28/16  juin  1881,  savoir: 

"  A  moins  d'une  entente  prealable  avec  rAutriche-Hongrie  la 
Serbie  ne  negociera  ni  ne  conclura  de  traite  politique  avec  un 
autre  gouvernement," 

les  soussignes  sont  tombes  d'accord  de  preciser  par  la  presente 
declaration  la  portee  de  la  disposition  precitee: 

L'Autriche-Hongrie,  d'une  part,  etant  animee  du  desir  de  voir 
sauvegardee  Findependance  de  la  Serbie  et  de  favoriser  son 
developpement; 

et  la  Serbie,  d'autre  part,  etant  fermement  decidee  de  suivre 
une  politique  f  ranchement  amicale  a  1'egard  de  1'Autriche-Hongrie 
et  d'eviter  tout  ce  qui  pourrait  leser  les  interets  legitimes  de  cette 
derniere  puissance ; 

les  soussignes  declarent  par  la  presente  que  la  disposition 
susdite  de  1'article  IV  ne  saurait  porter  atteinte  au  droit  de  la 
Serbie  de  negocier  et  de  conclure  des  traites,  meme  politiques, 
avec  un  autre  gouvernement.  Elle  n'implique  pour  la  Serbie 
d'autre  engagement  que  celui  de  ne  pas  negocier  et  de  ne  pas 
conclure  de  traite  politique  qui  serait  contraire  a  1'esprit  et  a  la 
teneur  du  dit  traite  secret. 

6  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  12,  Geheimakten,  V,  25. 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  6l 

having  an  entirely  official  character  towards  the  Government  oj  His 
Imperial  and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty. 

I  am  happy  to  avail  myself  of  this  occasion  to  offer  to  Your 
Excellency  the  assurances  of  My  perfect  consideration  and  My 
sincere  gratitude. 
Belgrade,  October  12/24,  1881. 

M.  M.  Obrenovitsch 
Prince  of  Serbia. 

M 

Declaration  of  the  Governments  of  Austria-Hungary  and  of  Serbia 
in  regard  to  the  meaning  of  Article  IV. 

DECLARATION. 

Doubts  having  arisen  as  to  the  meaning  and  import  of  the  fol- 
lowing passage  of  Article  IV  of  the  secret  Treaty  concluded  be- 
tween Austria-Hungary  and  Serbia  under  date  of  June  28/16, 
1881,  to  wit: 

"Without  a  previous  understanding  with  Austria-Hungary, 
Serbia  will  neither  negotiate  nor  conclude  any  political  treaty  with 
another  Government," 

the  undersigned  have  agreed  to  specify  by  the  present  Declara- 
tion the  import  of  the  above-quoted  provision: 

Austria-Hungary,  on  the  one  hand,  being  animated  by  the  de- 
sire to  see  the  independence  of  Serbia  safeguarded  and  to  favor 
her  development; 

and  Serbia,  on  the  other  hand,  being  firmly  decided  to  follow 
a  policy  frankly  friendly  to  Austria-Hungary  and  to  avoid  every- 
thing which  might  injure  the  legitimate  interests  of  this  latter 
Power; 

the  undersigned  declare  by  this  Act  that  the  aforesaid  provision 
of  Article  IV  cannot  impair  the  right  of  Serbia  to  negotiate  and 
to  conclude  treaties,  even  of  a  political  nature,  with  another 
Government.  It  implies  for  Serbia  no  other  engagement  than 
that  of  not  negotiating  and  of  not  concluding  any  political  treaty 
which  would  be  contrary  to  the  spirit  and  the  tenor  of  the  said 
secret  Treaty. 


62  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881 

En  foi  de  quoi  la  presente  declaration  a  ete  delivree  en  double 
exemplaire  et  signee  a  Vienne  en  date  du  30/18  octobre  1881  par 
le  gerant  du  ministere  imperial  et  royal  des  affaires  etrangeres 
pour  l'Autriche-Hongrie,  et  a  Belgrade  le  25/13  octobre  1881  par 
le  ministre  princier  des  affaires  etrangeres  pour  la  Serbie. 

Benjamin  de  Kallay.  M.  Pirotchanaz. 

L.S.  L.  S. 


THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  ALLIANCE  OF  1881  63 

In  witness  whereof  the  present  Declaration  has  been  made  out 
in  duplicate  and  signed  at  Vienna  under  date  of  October  30/18, 
1 88 1,  by  the  Official  in  Charge  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs  for  Austria-Hungary,  and  at  Belgrade 
October  25/13,  1881,  by  the  Prince's  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs 
for  Serbia. 

Benjamin  de  Kallay.  M.  Pirotchanaz. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


64  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882 


THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882. 

W 

First  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and 
Italy.     Vienna,  May  20,  1882}- 

L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi 
apostolique  de  Hongrie,  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse 
et  le  roi  d'ltalie,  animees  du  desir  d'augmenter  les  garanties  de  la 
paix  generate,  de  fortifier  le  principe  monarchique  et  d'assurer 
par  cela-meme  le  maintien  intact  de  1'ordre  social  et  politique  dans 
leurs  etats  respectifs,  sont  tombees  d'accord  de  conclure  un  traite 
qui,  par  sa  nature  essentiellement  conservatrice  et  defensive,  ne 
poursuit  que  le  but  de  les  premunir  contre  les  dangers  qui  pour- 
raient  menacer  la  securite  de  leurs  etats  et  le  repos  de  1'Europe. 

A  cet  effet  L.  L.  M.  M.  ont  nomme,  savoir  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie 

le  comte  Gustave  Kalnoky,  general,  son  ministre  de  la  maison 
imperiale  et  des  affaires  etrangeres; 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

le  prince  Henri  VII  de  Reuss,  aide-de-camp  general,  son  am- 
bassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  imperiale 
et  royale  apostolique, 

S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie 

le  comte  Charles  Felix  Nicolis  de  Robilant,  lieutenant-gene- 
ral, son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M. 
imperiale  et  royale  apostolique, 

lesquels,  munis  de  pleins-pouvoirs  qui  ont  ete  trouves  en  bonne 
et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
paix  et  amitie  et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engagement 
dirige  contre  1'un  de  leurs  etats. 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  13,  Geheimakten,  VII,  75. 


THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  i8«2  65 

5- 
THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  i8&. 

(a)  X 

First  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany^and 
Italy.     Vienna,  May  20,  1882. 

Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia, 
etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Prussia,  and  the  King  of  Italy,  animated  by  the  desire 
to  increase  the  guaranties  of  the  general  peace,  to  fortify  the 
monarchical  principle  and  thereby  to  assure  the  unimpaired 
maintenance  of  the  social  and  political  order  in  Their  respective 
States,  have  agreed  to  conclude  a  Treaty  which,  by  its  essentially 
conservative  and  defensive  nature,  pursues  only  the  aim  of 
forestalling  the  dangers  which  might  threaten  the  security  of 
Their  States  and  the  peace  of  Europe. 

To  this  end  Their  Majesties  have  appointed,  to  wit,  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and 
Apostolic  King  of  Hungary, 

Count  Gustavus  Kalnoky,  General,  His  Minister  of  the  Im- 
perial Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

Prince  Henry  VII  of  Reuss,  Aide-de-Camp  General,  His  Am- 
bassador Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Imperial  and 
Royal  Apostolic  Majesty, 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy, 

Count  Charles  Felix  Nicolis  de  Robilant,  Lieutenant-General, 
His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Im- 
perial and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty, 

who,  furnished  with  full  powers,  which  have  been  found  in  good 
and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States. 


66  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882 

Elles  s'engagent  a  proceder  a  un  echange  d'idees  sur  les  ques- 
tions politiques  et  economiques  d'une  nature  generate  qui  pour- 
raient  se  presenter  et  se  promettent  en  outre  leur  appui  mutuel 
dans  la  limite  de  leurs  propres  intere'ts. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Dans  le  cas  ou  1'Italie,  sans  provocation  directe  de  sa  part, 
serait  attaquee  par  la  France  pour  quelque  motif  que  ce  soit,  les 
deux  autres  parties  contractantes  seront  tenues  a  prater  a  la 
partie  attaquee  secours  et  assistance  avec  toutes  leurs  forces. 

Cette  meme  obligation  incombera  a  1'Italie  dans  le  cas  d'une 
agression  non  directement  provoquee  de  la  France  centre  1'Alle- 
magne. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Si  une  ou  deux  des  hautes  parties  contractantes,  sans  provo- 
cation directe  de  leur  part,  venaient  a  £tre  attaquees  et  a  se 
trouver  engagees  dans  une  guerre  avec  deux  ou  plusieurs  grandes 
puissances  non-signataires  du  present  traite,  le  "casus  foederis" 
se  presentera  simultanement  pour  toutes  les  hautes  parties 
contractantes. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Dans  le  cas  ou  une  grande  puissance  non-signataire  du  pre- 
sent traite  menacerait  la  securite  des  etats  de  Tune  des  hautes  par- 
ties contractantes  et  la  partie  menacee  se  verrait  par  la  forcee  de 
lui  faire  la  guerre,  les  deux  autres  s'obligent  a  observer  a  1'egard 
de  leur  allie  une  neutralite  bienveillante.  Chacune  se  reserve 
dans  ce  cas  la  faculte  de  prendre  part  a  la  guerre,  si  elle  le  jugeait 
a  propos  pour  faire  cause  commune  avec  son  allie. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Si  la  paix  de  Tune  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  venait  a 
6tre  menacee  dans  les  circonstances  prevues  par  les  articles  prece- 
dents, les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  concerteront  en  temps 
utile  sur  les  mesures  militaires  a  prendre  en  vue  d'une  cooperation 
eventuelle. 


THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882  67 

They  engage  to  proceed  to  an  exchange  of  ideas  on  political 
and  economic  questions  of  a  general  nature  which  may  arise,  and 
they  further  promise  one  another  mutual  support  within  the 
limits  of  their  own  interests. 

ARTICLE  II. 

In  case  Italy,  without  direct  provocation  on  her  part,  should 
be  attacked  by  France  for  any  reason  whatsoever,  the  two  other 
Contracting  Parties  shall  be  bound  to  lend  help  and  assistance 
with  all  their  forces  to  the  Party  attacked. 

This  same  obligation  shall  devolve  upon  Italy  in  case  of  any 
aggression  without  direct  provocation  by  France  against  Ger- 
many. 

ARTICLE  III. 

If  one,  or  two,  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  without  direct 
provocation  on  their  part,  should  chance  to  be  attacked  and  to  be 
engaged  in  a  war  with  two  or  more  Great  Powers  nonsignatory 
to  the  present  Treaty,  the  casus  foederis  will  arise  simultaneously 
for  all  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

In  case  a  Great  Power  nonsignatory  to  the  present  Treaty 
should  threaten  the  security  of  the  states  of  one  of  the  High 
Contracting  Parties,  and  the  threatened  Party  should  find  itself 
forced  on  that  account  to  make  war  against  it,  the  two  others 
bind  themselves  to  observe  towards  their  Ally  a  benevolent 
neutrality.  Each  of  them  reserves  to  itself,  in  this  case,  the  right 
to  take  part  in  the  war,  if  it  should  see  fit,  to  make  common 
cause  with  its  Ally. 

ARTICLE  V. 

If  the  peace  of  any  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should 
chance  to  be  threatened  under  the  circumstances  foreseen  by 
the  preceding  Articles,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  take 
counsel  together  in  ample  time  as  to  the  military  measures  to  be. 
taken  with  a  view  to  eventual  cooperation. 


68 

Elles  s'engagent  des  a  present,  dans  tous  les  cas  de  partici- 
pation commune  a  une  guerre,  a  ne  conclure  ni  armistice,  ni  paix, 
ni  traite  que  d'un  commun  accord  entr'elles. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
le  secret  sur  le  contenu  et  sur  1'existence  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  durant  1'espace  de  cinq 
ans  a  partir  du  jour  de  1'echange  des  ratifications. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Les  ratifications  du  present  traite  seront  echangees  a  Vienne 
dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectif  s  ont  signe  le  pre- 
sent traite  et  y  ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Vienne,  le  vingtieme  jour  du  mois  de  mai  de  Tan  mil 
huit  cent  quatre-vingt  deux. 

Kalnoky.  H.  VII  de  Reuss.  C.  Robilant. 

L.S.  L.S.  L.S. 


Additional  Declaration  of  Italy  that  the  provisions  of  the  Alliance 

could  not  be  regarded  as  directed  against  England.    Rome, 

May  22,  1882? 

DECLARATION  MINISTERIELLE. 

Le  gouvernement  royal  italien  declare  que  les  stipulations  du 
traite  secret  conclu  le  20  mai  1882  entre  1'Italie,  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  et  rAllemagne  ne  pourront,  comme  il  1'a  etc  prealable- 
ment  convenu,  en  aucun  cas  etre  envisagees  comme  etant  diri- 
gees  centre  1'Angleterre. 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  May  27,  1882 
(draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  VII,  n.  76);  of  Emperor  William  I,  Ber- 
lin, May  25,  1882  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifika- 
tionen);  of  King  Humbert,  Rome,  May  22,  1882  (original:  St.  A.,  ibid.)  ;  Protocol 


THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882  69 

They  engage  henceforward,  in  all  cases  of  common  participa- 
tion in  a  war,  to  conclude  neither  armistice,  nor  peace,  nor  treaty, 
except  by  common  agreement  among  themselves. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  and  existence  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  during  the  space  of 
five  years,  dating  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty  shall  be  exchanged  at 
Vienna  within  three  weeks,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
the  present  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  twentieth  day  of  the  month  of  May  of 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-two. 

Kalnoky.  H.  VII  of  Reuss.  C.  Robilant. 

L.  S.  L.  S.  L.  S. 


Additional  Declaration  of  Italy  that  the  provisions  of  the  Alliance 

could  not  be  regarded  as  directed  against  England.    Rome, 

May  22,  1882. 

MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION. 

The  Royal  Italian  Government  declares  that  the  provisions  of 
the  secret  Treaty  concluded  May  20,  1882,  between  Italy, 
Austria-Hungary,  and  Germany,  cannot,  as  has  been  previously 
agreed,  in  any  case  be  regarded  as  being  directed  against  England. 

of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  May  30,  1882  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch., 
Geheimakten,  VII,  n.  76). 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  13,  Geheimakten,  VII,  75. 


70  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882 

En  foi  de  quoi  la  presente  declaration  ministerielle  qui  devra 
egalement  rester  secrete  a  ete  dressee  pour  £tre  echangee  centre 
des  declarations  identiques  du  gouvernement  imperial  et  royal 
d'Autriche-Hongrie  et  du  gouvernement  imperial  d'Allemagne. 
Rome,  ce  22  mai  1882. 

Le  ministre  royal  des  affaires  etrangeres. 

Mancini. 
L.S. 

fr) 

Declaration  of  Austria-Hungary  similar  to  the  Italian  one. 
Vienna,  May  28,  1882* 

DECLARATION  MTNISTE'RIELLE. 

Le  gouvernement  I.  et  R.  declare  que  les  stipulations  du  traite 
secret  conclu  le  20  mai  1882  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie,  1'Alle- 
magne  et  1'Italie  ne  pourront  —  comme  il  a  ete  prealablement  con- 
venu  —  en  aucun  cas  etre  envisagees  comme  etant  dirigees  centre 
1'Angleterre. 

En  foi  de  quoi  la  presente  declaration  ministerielle  qui  devra 
egalement  rester  secrete  a  ete  dressee  pour  etre  echangee  centre 
des  declarations  identiques  du  gouvernement  imperial  d'Alle- 
magne et  du  gouvernement  royal  d'ltalie. 

Le  ministre  I.  et  R.  des  affaires  etrangeres. 

Vienne,  le  28  mai  1882. 

w 

Declaration  of  Germany  similar  to  the  Italian  one.    Berlin,  May  28, 

1882* 

DECLARATION  MINISTERIELLE. 

Le  gouvernement  imperial  declare  que  les  stipulations  du 
traite  secret  conclu  le  20  mai  1882  entre  1'Allemagne,  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  et  1'Italie  ne  pourront  —  comme  il  a  ete  prealablement 

4  Draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Kopiensammlung,  III. 

Marginal  note  in  Count  Kalnoky's  handwriting:  "Definitiv  angenommener 
Text.  IQ./S."  (" Definitively  approved  text.  May  19.") 

6  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  13,  Geheimakten,  VII,  77. 


THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882  71 

In  witness  whereof  the  present  ministerial  Declaration,  which 
equally  must  remain  secret,  has  been  drawn  up  to  be  exchanged 
against  identic  Declarations  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Govern- 
ment of  Austria-Hungary  and  of  the  Imperial  Government  of 
Germany. 

Rome,  May  22,  1882. 

The  Royal  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

L.  S.  Mancini. 


w 

Declaration  of  Austria-Hungary  similar  to  the  Italian  one. 
Vienna,  May  28,  1882* 

MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION. 

The  Imperial  and  Royal  Government  declares  that  the  pro- 
visions of  the  secret  Treaty  concluded  May  20,  1882,  between 
Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Italy,  cannot,  as  has  been  pre- 
viously agreed,  in  any  case  be  regarded  as  being  directed  against 
England. 

In  witness  whereof  the  present  ministerial  Declaration,  which 
equally  must  remain  secret,  has  been  drawn  up  to  be  exchanged 
against  identic  Declarations  of  the  Imperial  Government  of  Ger- 
many and  of  the  Royal  Government  of  Italy. 

The  Imperial  and  Royal  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Vienna,  May  28,  1882. 


Declaration  of  Germany  similar  to  the  Italian  one.    Berlin,  May  28, 

1882. 

MINISTERIAL  DECLARATION. 

The  Imperial  Government  declares  that  the  provisions  of  the 
secret  Treaty  concluded  May  20,  1882,  between  Germany, 
Austria-Hungary,  and  Italy,  cannot,  as  has  been  previously 


72  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882 

convenu  —  en  aucun  cas  etre  envisagees  comme  etant  dirigees 
centre  1'Angleterre. 

En  foi  de  quoi  la  presente  declaration  ministerielle  qui  devra 
egalement  rester  secrete  a  ete  dressee  pour  etre  echangee  centre 
des  declarations  identiques  du  gouvernement  imperial  et  royal 
d'Autriche-Hongrie  et  du  gouvernement  royal  d'ltalie. 

Berlin,  le  28  mai  1882. 

Le  chancelier  de  1'empire. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 


THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE  OF  1882  73 

agreed,  in  any  case  be  regarded   as   being   directed   against 
England. 

In  witness  whereof  the  present  ministerial  Declaration,  which 
equally  must  remain  secret,  has  been  drawn  up  to  be  exchanged 
against  identic  Declarations  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Govern- 
ment of  Austria-Hungary  and  of  the  Royal  Government  of 
Italy. 

Berlin,  May  28,  1882. 

The  Chancellor  of  the  Empire. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 


74       PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE 

6. 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN 
ALLIANCE.     1883. 

Protocol  bet-ween  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany  in  regard  to  the 

prolongation  of  the  Austro-German  Alliance  of  1879.     Vienna, 

March  22,  i88j.1 

PROTOKOLL. 

Die  Unterzeichneten,  Graf  Kalnoky  de  Koros-Patak,  Minister 
des  kaiserlichen  Hauses  und  des  Aeussern  seiner  kaiserlichen  und 
koniglich-apostolischen  Majestat,  und  Prinz  Heinrich  VII.  Reuss, 
ausserordentlicher  und  bevollmachtigter  Botschafter  seiner  Maje- 
stat des  deutschen  Kaisers,  sind  auf  Grund  allerhochster  Er- 
machtigung  am  heutigen  Tage  in  Wien  zu  einer  Berathung  iiber 
Verlangerung  des  daselbst  am  7.  October  1879  unterzeichneten, 
am  21.  desselben  Monats  ratifizirten  geheimen  Vertrages  zwischen 
1. 1.  Majestaten,  dem  Kaiser  von  Oesterreich,  Kb'nige  von  Ungarn 
und  dem  deutschen  Kaiser,  Konige  von  Preussen,  zusammenge- 
treten  und  haben  in  Vollmacht  I.  I.  Majestaten  Folgendes 
verabredet: 

1.  Der  oben  bezeichnete  Vertrag  wird  auf  fiinf  Jahre,  vom 
21.  October  1884  an  gerechnet,  also  bis  zum  21.  October  1889, 
verlangert. 

2.  Der  Artikel  III  wird  ausserdem  dahin  modifizirt,  dass  nicht 
ein  Jahr,  sondern  zwei  Jahre  vor  dem  21.  October  1889  die  beiden 
hohen  Contrahenten  iiber  die  Frage,  ob  die  dem  Vertrage  zur 
Grundlage  dienenden  Verhaltnisse  noch  obwalten,  in  Verhand- 
lung  treten,  und  dass,  wenn  im  Verlaufe  des  ersten  Monates  des 
vorletzten  Vertragsjahres  die  Einladung  zur  Eroffmmg  dieser 
Verhandlungen  von  keiner  Seite  erfolgt  ist,  der  Vertrag  als  fur 
die  weitere  Dauer  von  drei  Jahren  erneuert  gilt. 

3.  Dieses  Protokoll  wird  den  beiden  hohen  Souveranen  zur 
Ratifikation  unterbreitet  und  empfohlen  werden  und  soil  der 

1  Original:    St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  14,  Geheimakten,  XI,  9. 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE       75 


6. 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN 
ALLIANCE.    1883. 

Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany  in  regard  to  the 

prolongation  of  the  Austro-German  Alliance  of  1879. 

Vienna,  March  22,  1883. 

PROTOCOL. 

The  undersigned,  Count  Kalnoky  of  Koros-Patak,  Minister  of 
the  Imperial  Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  His  Imperial 
and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty,  and  Prince  Henry  VII  of  Reuss, 
Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  of  His  Majesty 
the  German  Emperor,  have,  by  virtue  of  Most  Exalted  authoriza- 
tion, met  this  day  in  Vienna  to  take  counsel  concerning  the 
prolongation  of  the  secret  Treaty,  signed  in  the  same  place  on 
October  7,  1879,  and  ratified  on  the  2ist  day  of  the  same  month, 
between  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hun- 
gary, and  the  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia,  and,  by  pleni- 
potentiary authority  from  Their  Majesties,  have  agreed  upon 
the  following: 

1.  The  Treaty  designated  above  shall  be  prolonged  for  five 
years,  dating  from  October  21,  1884,  to  October  21,  1889. 

2.  Article  III  shall  moreover  be  so  modified  that  the  two  High 
Contracting  Parties  are  to  enter  into  negotiations  not  one  year, 
but  two  years,  before  October  21,   1889,  with  regard  to  the  ques- 
tion whether  the  conditions  serving  as  a  basis  to  the  Treaty  still 
prevail,  and  that  the  Treaty  shall  be  considered  as  renewed  for  a 
further  period  of  three  years  if,  in  the  course  of  the  first  month  of 
the  next  to  last  year  of  the  Treaty,  no  invitation  has  been  received 
from  either  side  to  open  these  negotiations. 

3.  This  Protocol  shall  be  submitted  and  recommended  to  both 
the  Exalted  Sovereigns  for  ratification,  and  the  exchange  of  the 


76       PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE 

Austausch  der  Ratifikations-Urkunden  binnen  drei  Wochen  hier 
stattfinden.2 

Zu  Urkund  dessen  1st  dieses  Protokoll  in  zwei  Exemplaren 
aufgenommen,  unterzeichnet  und  besiegelt  worden. 

Geschehen  zu  Wien,  am  zwei  und  zwanzigsten  Marz,  im  Jahre 
des  Heils  eintausend  achthundert  drei  und  achtzig. 

Kalnoky.  H.  VII.  Reuss. 

L.  S.  L.S. 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  March  31,  1883 
(draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XI,  10);  of  Emperor  William  I,  Berlin, 
March  28,  1883  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratinka- 
tionen);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  April  i,  1883  (original:  St. 
A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XI,  u). 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE       77 

instruments  of  ratification  shall  take  place  here  within  three 
weeks. 

In  witness  whereof  this  Protocol  has  been  drawn  up  in  two 
copies,  signed,  and  sealed. 

Done  at  Vienna,  on  the  twenty-second  day  of  March  in  the 
year  of  grace  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-three. 

Kalnoky.  H.  VII.  Reuss. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


78  FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

7- 

ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY  AND  WITH  GERMANY  AND 
WITH  ITALY.     1883  AND  1888. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania. 
Vienna,  October  30,  iSSj.1 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apo- 
stolique  de  Hongrie,  et 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  animes  d'un  egal  desir  de  main- 
tenir  la  paix  generate,  conformement  au  but  poursuivi  par  1'alli- 
ance  austro-hongroise  et  allemande,  d'assurer  1'ordre  politique  et 
de  garantir  centre  toutes  les  eventualites  la  parfaite  amitie  qui  les 
lie,  ont  resolu  de  conclure  a  cette  fin  un  traite  qui  par  sa  nature 
essentiellement  conservatrice  et  defensive  ne  poursuit  que  le  but 
de  les  premunir  centre  les  dangers  qui  pourraient  menacer  la  paix 
de  leurs  etats. 

A  cet  effet  leurs  dites  Majestes  ont  nomme  pour  leurs  pleni- 
potentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apo- 
stolique  de  Hongrie:  le  sieur  Gustave  Kalnoky  de  Koros-Patak, 
chambellan  et  conseiller  intime  actuel,  son  ministre  de  la  maison 
imperiale  et  des  affaires  etrangeres,  general  dans  ses  armees, 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie:  le  sieur  Demetre  A.  Stourdza,  son 
ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres,  lesquels,  apres  s'etre  communique 
leurs  pleins-pouvoirs  trouves  en  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  con- 
venus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  i. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  paix  et  amitie 
et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engagement  dirige  centre 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  15,  Geheimakten,  XIII  a,  15  a. 


FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY  79 


ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY  AND  WITH  GERMANY  AND 
WITH  ITALY.     1883  AND   1888. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania. 
Vienna,  October  30,  1883. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  animated  by  an  equal  de- 
sire to  maintain  the  general  peace,  in  conformity  with  the  aim 
pursued  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  German  Alliance,  to  as- 
sure the  political  order,  and  to  guarantee  against  all  eventualities 
the  perfect  friendship  which  binds  Them  together,  have  deter- 
mined to  conclude  to  this  end  a  Treaty  which  by  its  essentially 
conservative  and  defensive  nature  pursues  only  the  aim  of  fore- 
stalling the  dangers  which  might  menace  the  peace  of  Their 
States. 

For  this  purpose  Their  said  Majesties  have  named  as  Their 
Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary :  the  Sieur  Gustavus  Kalnoky  of 
Korb's-Patak,  Chamberlain  and  Actual  Privy  Councillor,  His 
Minister  of  the  Imperial  Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Gen- 
eral in  His  Armies, 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania:  the  Sieur  Demetrius  A. 
Stourdza,  His  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  who,  after  having 
communicated  to  each  other  their  full  powers,  found  in  good  and 
due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles : 

ARTICLE  i. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  promise  one  another  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States.  They  engage  to  follow  a  friendly 


80  FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

Pun  de  leurs  etats.   Elles  s'engagent  a  suivre  une  politique  amicale 
et  a  se  preter  un  appui  mutuel  dans  la  limite  de  leurs  interets. 

ARTICLE  2. 

Si  la  Roumanie,  sans  provocation  aucune  de  sa  part,  venait  a 
etre  attaquee,  l'Autriche-Hongrie  est  tenue  a  lui  porter  en  temps 
utile  secours  et  assistance  centre  1'agresseur.  Si  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  etait  attaquee  dans  les  memes  circonstances  dans  une 
partie  de  ses  etats  limitrophes  a  la  Roumanie,  le  casus  foederis  se 
presentera  aussitot  pour  cette  derniere. 

ARTICLE  3. 

Si  une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  trouvait  menacee 
d'une  agression  dans  les  conditions  susmentionees  les  gouverne- 
ments  respectifs  se  mettront  d'accord  sur  les  mesures  a  prendre  en 
vue  d'une  cooperation  de  leurs  armees.  Ces  questions  militaires, 
notamment  celle  de  1'unite  des  operations  et  du  passage  des  terri- 
toires  respectifs,  seront  reglees  par  une  convention  militaire. 

ARTICLE  4. 

Si  contrairement  a  leur  desir  et  espoir  les  hautes  parties  con- 
tractantes etaient  forcees  a  une  guerre  commune  dans  les  circon- 
stances prevues  par  les  articles  precedents,  elles  s'engagent  a  ne 
negocier  ni  conclure  separement  la  paix. 

ARTICLE  5. 

Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  pour  la  duree  de  cinq  ans 
a  partir  du  jour  de  1'echange  des  ratifications.  Si  une  annee  avant 
son  expiration  le  present  traite  n'est  pas  denonce,  ou  si  la  revision 
n'en  est  pas  demandee  par  aucune  des  hautes  parties  contrac- 
tantes, il  sera  considere  comme  prolonge  pour  la  duree  de  trois 
autres  annees. 

ARTICLE  6. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 


FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY  8 1 

policy  and  to  lend  one  another  mutual  support  within  the  limits 
of  their  interests. 

ARTICLE  2. 

If  Rumania,  without  any  provocation  on  her  part,  should  be 
attacked,  Austria-Hungary  is  bound  to  bring  her  in  ample  time 
help  and  assistance  against  the  aggressor.  If  Austria-Hungary 
be  attacked  under  the  same  circumstances  in  a  portion  of  her 
states  bordering  on  Rumania,  the  casus  foederis  will  immediately 
arise  for  the  latter. 

ARTICLE  3. 

If  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should  find  itself 
threatened  by  an  aggression  under  the  abovementioned  condi- 
tions, the  respective  Governments  shall  put  themselves  in  agree- 
ment as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  with  a  view  to  cooperation  of 
their  armies.  These  military  questions,  especially  that  of  the 
unity  of  operations  and  of  passage  through  the  respective  terri- 
tories, shall  be  regulated  by  a  military  convention. 

ARTICLE  4. 

If,  contrary  to  their  desire  and  hope,  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  are  forced  into  a  common  war  under  the  circumstances 
foreseen  by  the  preceding  Articles,  they  engage  neither  to  nego- 
tiate nor  to  conclude  peace  separately. 

ARTICLE  5. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  a  period  of  five 
years,  dating  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications.  If 
the  present  Treaty  is  not  denounced  one  year  before  its  expira- 
tion, or  if  its  revision  is  not  demanded  by  either  of  the  High  Con- 
tracting Parties,  it  shall  be  regarded  as  prolonged  for  a  period  o£ 
three  years  more. 

ARTICLE  6. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 


82  FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

ARTICLE  7. 

Le  present  traite  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  seront  echangees 
dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et  y 
ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Vienne,  le  trentieme  jour  du  mois  d'octobre  de  Tan  de 
grace  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-trois. 
Kdlnoky. 

L.  S. 

D.  Stourdza. 
L.  S. 

(ft) 

Treaty  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany. 
Vienna,  October  30,  1883? 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et 
S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  ayant  conclu  le  traite  d'amitie  et 
d'alliance  suivant: 

[Articles  7-7  of  the  Austro-Hungarian-Rumanian  Treaty  follow} 

ont  invite  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  a 
acceder  aux  dispositions  du  susdit  traite. 

En  consequence  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
a  muni  de  ses  pleins-pouvoirs  a  cet  effet  son  representant  a  Vienne, 
le  conseiller  de  legation  comte  Max  de  Berchem,  pour  adherer 
formellement  aux  stipulations  contenues  dans  le  traite  susmen- 
tionne.  En  vertu  de  cet  acte  d'accession  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  prend  au  nom  de  I'empire  d'Alle- 
magne envers  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique 
de  Hongrie  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  et  en  meme  temps  L.  L.  M.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et  le  roi  de 
Roumanie  prennent  envers  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi 
de  Prusse,  les  memes  engagements  auxquels  les  hautes  parties 

8  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  November  12, 
1883  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XIII,  17);  of  King  Charles,  Palace 
of  Cotroceni,  November  6,  1883  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifi- 
kationen);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  November  15,  1883  (origi- 
nal: St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XIII,  17). 


FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY  83 

ARTICLE  7. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  shall 
be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In   witness   whereof   the   respective   Plenipotentiaries   have 
signed  it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  thirtieth  day  of  the  month  of  October  in 
the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-three. 

Kalnoky. 
L.  S. 

D.  Stourdza. 
L.  S. 


Treaty  providing  for  the  Accession  of  Germany. 
Vienna,  October  30,  1883. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hun- 
gary, and  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania  having  concluded 
the  Treaty  of  friendship  and  alliance  which  follows: 
[Articles  7-7  of  the  Austro-Hungarian-Rumanian  Treaty  follow.] 

have  invited  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  to  accede  to  the  provisions  of  the  aforesaid  Treaty. 

Consequently  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  has  furnished  with  His  full  powers  for  this  purpose  His 
Representative  at  Vienna,  Counsellor  of  Legation  Count  Max 
von  Berchem,  to  adhere  formally  to  the  provisions  contained  in 
the  abovementioned  Treaty.  In  virtue  of  this  Act  of  Accession 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  takes  in 
the  name  of  the  German  Empire  towards  Their  Majesties  the 
Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  King 
of  Rumania,  and  at  the  same  time  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor 
of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  King  of  Rumania 
take  towards  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  the  same  engagements  by  which  the  High  Contracting 

*  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  15,  Geheimakten,  XIII  a,  15  b. 


84  FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

contractantes  se  sont  mutuellement  obligees  par  les  stipulations 
dudit  traite  insere  ci-dessus. 

Le  present  acte  d'accession  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  seront 
echangees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se 
peut.4    En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe 
le  present  acte  d'accession  et  y  ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 
Fait  a  Vienne,  le  trentieme  jour  du  mois  d'octobre  de  1'an  mil 
huit  cent  quatre-vingt-trois. 
Kalnoky. 

L.S. 
Berchem. 

L.S. 

D.  Stourdza. 
L.S. 


Treaty  providing  for  the  accession  of  Italy.    Vienna,  May  15,  1888.  * 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie,  et 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  ayant  conclu  le  30  octobre  1883  un 
traite  d'amitie  et  d'alliance,  actuellement  en  vigueur,  traite  dont 
la  teneur  suit: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows^ 

Ce  traite  ayant  recu  a  la  meme  date  1'accession  de  S.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

et  ayant  ete  ensuite  communique  par  les  hautes  parties  con- 
tractantes susmentionnees  a  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  avec  1'invitation 
a  y  acceder, 

S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie,  approuvant  le  but  pour  lequel  ce  traite 
a  ete  conclu  et  qui  est  la  conservation  de  la  paix  generate  et  de 
Fordre  existant,  a  autorise  le  soussigne,  sieur  Constantin  comte  de 
Nigra,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  aupr£s 

4  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  November  12, 
1883  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XIII,  17);  of  Emperor  William  I, 
Berlin,  November  n,  1883  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsur- 
kunden)  ;  of  King  Charles,  Palace  of  Cotroceni,  November  6,  1883  (ibid.)  ;  Protocol 
of  exchange  of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 


FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY  85 

Parties  have  mutually  bound  themselves  according  to  the  stipu- 
lations of  the  said  Treaty  inserted  above. 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifica- 
tions shall  be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or 
sooner  if  may  be.  In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipoten- 
tiaries have  signed  the  present  Act  of  Accession  and  have  affixed 
thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  thirtieth  day  of  the  month  of  October  in 
the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-three. 

Kalnoky. 
L.  S. 

Berchem. 
L.  S. 

D.  Stourdza. 
L.  S. 

W 

Treaty  providing  for  the  accession  of  Italy.     Vienna,  May  15, 1888. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  having  concluded  on 
October  30,  1883,  a  Treaty  of  friendship  and  alliance,  now  in 
force,  the  tenor  of  which  Treaty  follows: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows.] 

This  Treaty  having  received  on  the  same  date  the  Accession 
of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

and  having  been  then  communicated  by  the  abovementioned 
High  Contracting  Parties  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  with 
an  invitation  to  accede  thereto, 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  approving  the  purpose  for 
which  this  Treaty  has  been  concluded,  and  which  is  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  general  peace  and  of  the  existing  order,  has  authorized 
the  undersigned,  Sieur  Constantine  Count  de  Nigra,  His  Ambas- 

Rumania,  Vienna,  November  19,  1883  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten, 
XIII,  17). 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  22,  Geheimakten,  XIII  b,  76. 


86  FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

de  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  a 
declarer  en  son  nom  qu'il  accede  au  dit  traite  dans  les  limites 
ci-apres  indiquees  en  ce  qui  concerne  les  stipulations  des  articles 
2  et  3,  savoir: 

Si  les  eventualites  pouvant  donner  lieu  au  casus  foederis,  tel 
qu'il  est  prevu  dans  les  articles  2  et  3,  venaient  a  se  produire, 
L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie, 
le  roi  d'ltalie  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie  prennent  1'engagement 
mutuel  de  se  concerter  en  temps  utile  pour  une  action  commune 
dont  les  modalites  seront  reglees  par  une  convention  speciale. 

La  presente  accession  sera  en  vigueur  pour  cinq  ans  a  dater 
du  jour  de  la  signature;  mais  si  le  traite  principal  du  30  octobre 
1883  venait  a  expirer  avant  ce  terme,  elle  sera  considered  comme 
expiree  en  meme  temps. 

Le  secret  sera  garde  sur  cet  acte  d'accession  qui  ne  pourra 
etre  revele  sans  le  consentement  de  chacune  des  hautes  parties 
contractantes. 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique de  Hongrie,  a  autorise  de  son  cote  le  soussigne,  sieur  Gustave 
comte  Kalnoky  de  Koros-Patak,  chambellan  et  conseiller  intime 
actuel,  son  ministre  de  la  maison  I.le'  et  des  affaires  etrangeres, 
lieutenant-feldmarechal  dans  ses  armees,  a  declarer  en  son  nom 
qu'il  accepte,  dans  les  termes  ci-dessus  relates  et  avec  les  memes 
obligations  mutuelles,  1'accession  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  au  traite 
du  30  octobre  1883. 

Le  present  acte  d'accession  et  d'acceptation  sera  ratine  par 
S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique 
de  Hongrie,  et  par  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie,  et  les  ratifications  seront 
echangees  le  plus  tot  possible.6 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  soussignes, 

le  sieur  Gustave  comte  Kalnoky  de  Kb'ros-Patak,  chambellan 
et  conseiller  intime  actuel,  ministre  de  la  maison  I.Ie'  et  des  affaires 

6  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  May  26,  1888 
(draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XHIb,  n.  80);  of  King  Humbert,  Rome, 
May  28,  1888  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen) ;  Proto- 
col of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  June  2,  1888  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch., 
Geheimakten,  XIII  b,  n.  83). 


FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY  87 

sador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the 
Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  to  declare  in 
His  name  that  He  accedes  to  the  said  Treaty  within  the  limits 
indicated  below  so  far  as  concerns  the  provisions  of  Articles  2 
and  3,  to  wit: 

If  eventualities  that  could  give  rise  to  the  casus  foederis,  as  it 
is  foreseen  in  Articles  2  and  3,  should  chance  to  occur,  Their 
Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary, 
the  King  of  Italy,  and  the  King  of  Rumania  assume  a  mutual 
engagement  to  take  counsel  together  in  ample  time  as  to  common 
action,  the  detailed  procedure  of  which  shall  be  regulated  by  a 
special  convention. 

The  present  Accession  shall  be  in  force  for  five  years,  dating 
from  the  day  of  signature;  but  if  the  principal  Treaty  of  Octo- 
ber 30,  1883,  happen  to  expire  before  this  period,  it  shall  be  con- 
sidered as  having  expired  at  the  same  time. 

This  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  kept  secret,  and  cannot  be  re- 
vealed without  the  consent  of  each  of  the  High  Contracting 
Parties. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary  has  for  his  part  authorized  the 
undersigned,  Sieur  Gustavus  Count  Kalnoky  of  Korb's-Patak, 
Chamberlain  and  Actual  Privy  Councillor,  His  Minister  of  the 
Imperial  Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Lieutenant-Field- 
marshal  in  His  Armies,  to  declare  in  His  name  that  He  accepts  in 
the  terms  above  stated,  and  with  the  same  mutual  obligations, 
the  Accession  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  to  the  Treaty  of 
October  30,  1883. 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  and  of  acceptance  shall  be  rati- 
fied by  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia, 
etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  by  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Italy,  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  as  soon 
as  possible. 

In  witness  whereof  the  undersigned, 

the  Sieur  Gustavus  Count  Kalnoky  of  Koros-Patak,  Chamber- 
lain and  Actual  Privy  Councillor,  Minister  of  the  Imperial 
Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor 


88  FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

etrangeres  de  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et 
roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  lieutenant-feldmarechal,  et  le  sieur 
Constantin  comte  de  Nigra,  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et 
plenipotentiaire  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  aupres  de  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie, 

ont  signe  le  present  acte  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs 
armes. 

Fait  a  Vienne,  le  quinzieme  jour  du  mois  de  mai  de  1'an  de 
grace  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-huit. 

Kalnoky.  Nigra. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


FIRST  RUMANIAN  TREATY  89 

of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hun- 
gary, Lieutenant-Fieldmarshal,  and  the  Sieur  Constantine  Count 
de  Nigra,  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  of  His 
Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria, 
King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary, 

have  signed  the  present  Act  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal 
of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  fifteenth  day  of  the  month  of  May  in  the 
year  of  grace  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-eight. 

Kalnoky.  Nigra. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


90     PROLONGATION  OF  LEAGUE  OF  THREE  EMPERORS 

8. 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  LEAGUE  OF 
THE  THREE  EMPERORS.     1884. 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Russia,  concerning 
the  prolongation  of  their  Treaty  of  i88i.1 

L.  L.  M.  M.  Pempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie, 
Pempereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  Pempereur  de  toutes  les 
Russies  ayant  resolu  de  prolonger  de  trois  ans  la  duree  du  traite 
conclu  entre  elles  le  18  juin  1881,  ont  nomme  a  cet  effet: 

S.  M.  Pempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique de  Hongrie,  le  sieur  Emeric  comte  Szechenyi,  son  ambassa- 
deur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  Pempereur 
d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

S.  M.  Pempereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  le  sieur  Othon 
prince  de  Bismarck,  son  president  du  conseil  des  ministres,  chan- 
celier  de  Pempire, 

S.  M.  Pempereur  de  toutes  les  Russies,  le  sieur  Nicolas  prince 
OrlofT,  son  aide-de-camp  general,  general  de  cavalerie,  son  am- 
bassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  Pem- 
pereur d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse. 

Les  dits  plenipotentiaries  reunis  aujourd'hui  au  ministere  des 
affaires  etrangeres  a  Berlin,  apres  avoir  produit  et  verifie  leurs 
pleins-pouvoirs,  declarent  au  nom  de  leurs  augustes  souverains, 
que  L.  L.  M.  M.  sont  convenues  de  prolonger  de  trois  ans  a  partir 
du  1 8  juin  de  Pannee  courante  la  duree  du  traite  secret  conclu 
entre  elles  le  18  juin  1881  et  dont  le  texte  se  trouve  annexe  a  ce 
protocole,2  apres  avoir  subi  les  deux  modifications  suivantes  sur 
lesquelles  les  soussignes  au  nom  de  leurs  souverains  sont  tombes 
d'accord. 

i.  Le  troisieme  alinea  du  premier  article,  congu  en  ces  termes: 

"  Pour  le  cas  special  ou  Pune  d'elles  obtiendrait  de  Pun  de 
ses  deux  allies  un  concours  plus  positif,  la  valeur  obligatoire  du 

1  Original:    St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  17,  Geheimakten,  XII,  46. 

2  In  the  original  draft  of  this  document  there  also  follows  a  repetition  of  the 


PROLONGATION  OF  LEAGUE  OF  THREE  EMPERORS    91 

8. 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  LEAGUE  OF 
THE  THREE  EMPERORS.    1884. 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Russia,  concerning 
the  prolongation  of  their  Treaty  of  1881. 

Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of 
Hungary,  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the  Em- 
peror of  All  the  Russias,  having  resolved  to  prolong  for  three 
years  the  duration  of  the  Treaty  concluded  between  Them  June 
18,  1 88 1,  have  appointed  for  this  purpose: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc. 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Sieur  Emeric  Count  Sze- 
chenyi,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the 
Sieur  Otto  Prince  Bismarck,  His  President  of  the  Council  of 
Ministers,  Chancellor  of  the  Empire, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  All  the  Russias,  the  Sieur  Nicholas 
Prince  Orloff,  His  Aide-de-Camp  General,  General  of  Cavalry, 
His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia. 

The  said  Plenipotentiaries,  assembled  together  this  day  at  the 
Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  at  Berlin,  after  having  produced  and 
verified  their  full  powers,  declare,  in  the  name  of  their  August 
Sovereigns,  that  Their  Majesties  are  agreed  upon  prolonging  for 
three  years,  dating  from  June  18  of  the  current  year,  the  duration 
of  the  secret  Treaty  concluded  between  them,  June  18,  1881,  the 
text  of  which  is  to  be  found  affixed  to  this  Protocol,2  after  it  has 
undergone  the  two  following  modifications,  upon  which  the  under- 
signed, in  the  name  of  their  Sovereigns,  have  come  to  an  agree- 
ment. 

i.  The  third  paragraph  of  the  first  Article,  worded  in  these 
terms: 

"In  the  special  case  where  one  of  them  should  obtain  a  more 

Treaty  of  June  18,  1881,  including  the  changes  agreed  upon,  and  the  Separate  Pro- 
tocol of  June  1 8,  1881. 


92     PROLONGATION  OF  LEAGUE  OF  THREE  EMPERORS 

present  article  restera  dans  toute  sa  vigueur  pour  la  troisieme." 
est  supprime. 

2.   Dans  le  second  alinea  du  second  article  les  mots: 

"  de  la  Turquie  d'Europe  "  sont  remplaces  par  les  mots: 

"  de  la  dite  peninsule." 

Les  ratifications  du  present  protocole  seront  echangees  a  Ber- 
lin dans  1'espace  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  t6t  si  faire  se  peut.3 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  soussignes  ont  dresse  le  present  protocole 
expedie  en  trois  exemplaires  qu'ils  ont  revetus  de  leurs  signatures 
et  des  cachets  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  le  vingt-septieme  jour  du  mois  de  mars  mil  huit 
cent  quatre-vingt  et  quatre. 

Szechenyi. 
L.  S. 

v.  Bismarck. 
L.  S. 

Orloff. 
L.  S. 

3  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  in  a  copy  each  for  the 
German  Empire  and  Russia,  Vienna,  April  6,  1884  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch., 
Geheimakten,  XII,  47);  of  Emperor  William  I,  Berlin,  April  14,  1884  (original: 
St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen) ;  of  Emperor  Alexan- 
der III,  Gatschina,  March  27/ April  8,  1884  (original:  ibid.);  Protocol  of  exchange 
of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and  Russia,  Berlin,. 
April  15,  1884  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XII,  49). 


PROLONGATION  OF  LEAGUE  OF  THREE  EMPERORS    93 

positive  support  from  one  of  its  two  Allies,  the  obligatory  value 
of  the  present  Article  shall  remain  in  all  its  force  for  the  third." 
is  suppressed. 

2.  In  the  second  paragraph  of  the  second  Article  the  words: 

"of  Turkey  in  Europe"  are  replaced  by  the  words: 

"of  the  said  peninsula." 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Protocol  shall  be  exchanged  at 
Berlin  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  undersigned  have  drawn  up  the  present 
Protocol,  prepared  in  three  copies,  to  which  they  have  affixed 
their  signatures  and  the  seals  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the.  twenty-seventh  day  of  the  month  of 
March,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-four. 
Szeche"nyi. 

L.  S. 
v.  Bismarck. 

L.S. 
Orloff. 

L.S. 


94  FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 


MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  OF  GREAT 
BRITAIN,  ITALY,  AND  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY  IN  1887. 

to 

Italian  Note  to  the  British  Government  in  regard  to  a  Mediterranean 
Agreement.    London,  February  12,  1887. l 

DlSPACCIO  DEL  CONTE   CORTI  A  LORD   SALISBURY.2 

12.  Februar  1887.' 

Le  soussigne  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire 
de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  a  regu  de  son  gouvernement  1'ordre  de 
porter  a  la  connaissance  de  S.  E.  le  marquis  de  Salisbury,  princi- 
pal secretaire  d'etat  de  S.  M.  britannique  pour  les  affaires 
etrangeres,  ce  qui  suit: 

Le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi,  anime  du  desir  d'etablir  avec 
celui  de  S.  M.  la  reine  une  entente  sur  di verses  questions  concern- 
ant  leurs  interets,  est  d'avis  que  ce  but  pourrait  etre  atteint  par 
1'adoption  des  bases  suivantes: 

I°-  On  maintiendra  autant  que  possible  le  statu  quo  dans  la 
Mediterannee  (!)  ainsi  que  dans  1'Adriatique,  la  mer  Egee  et  la 
mer  Noire.  On  aura  par  consequent  soin  de  surveiller  et  au  besoin 
d'empecher  tout  changement  qui,  sous  la  forme  d'annexion,  occu- 
pation, protectorat  ou  d'une  toute  autre  maniere  quelconque,  por- 
terait  atteinte  a  la  situation  actuelle  au  detriment  des  deux 
puissances. 

IP  Si  le  maintien  du  statu  quo  devient  impossible,  on  fera  en 
sorte  qu'il  ne  se  produise  une  modification  quelconque  qu'a  la  suite 
d'un  accord  prealable  entre  les  deux  puissances. 

IIP  LTtalie  est  toute  prete  a  appuyer  1'oeuvre  de  la  Grande- 
Bretagne  en  Egypte.  La  Grande-Bretagne  a  son  tour  est  dis- 

1  Copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  20, 
Geheimakten,  XIV,  4. 

1  There  is  added  in  Count  Kalnoky's  handwriting :   "  Abschrift  mitgetheitt 


FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  95 

9- 

MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  OF  GREAT 
BRITAIN,  ITALY,  AND  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY  IN  1887. 

Italian  Note  to  the  British  Government  in  regard  to  a  Mediterranean 
Agreement.     London,  February  12,  1887. 

DESPATCH  OF  COUNT  CORTI  TO  LORD  SALISBURY.2 

February  12,  i887.3 

The  undersigned,  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipo- 
tentiary of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  has  received  from  his 
Government  instructions  to  bring  to  the  attention  of  His  Excel- 
lency the  Marquess  of  Salisbury,  Principal  Secretary  of  State  of 
Her  Britannic  Majesty  for  Foreign  Affairs,  the  following: 

The  Government  of  His  Majesty  the  King,  animated  by  the 
desire  of  establishing  with  that  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  an 
understanding  upon  various  questions  concerning  their  interests, 
is  of  the  opinion  that  this  object  could  be  attained  by  the  adop- 
tion of  the  following  bases: 

I.  The  status  quo  in  the  Mediterranean  as  well  as  in  the  Adri- 
atic, the  Aegean  Sea,  and  the  Black  Sea  shall  be  maintained  so 
far  as  possible.    Care  must  be  taken  in  consequence  to  watch, 
and,  if  need  be,  to  prevent  any  change,  which,  under  form  of 
annexation,  occupation,  protectorate,  or  in  any  other  manner 
whatsoever,  would  affect  the  present  situation  to  the  detriment  of 
the  two  Powers. 

II.  If  the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  becomes  impossible, 
they  shall  so  act  that  no  modification  whatsoever  shall  occur 
except  after  a  previous  agreement  between  the  two  Powers. 

III.  Italy  is  entirely  ready  to  support  the  work  of  Great 
Britain  in  Egypt.    Great  Britain  in  her  turn  is  disposed,  in  case 

durch  Graf  Nigra.  io./2.  1887."     ("Copy  communicated  through  Count  Nigra. 
February  19,  1887.") 

1  Added  in  Count  Kalnoky's  handwriting. 


96  FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

posee  a  appuyer,  en  cas  d'envahissements  de  la  part  d'une  tierce 
puissance,  Faction  de  1'Italie  sur  tout  autre  point  quelconque  du 
littoral  nord  d'Afrique  et  notamment  dans  la  Tripolitaine  et  la 
Cyrenaique. 

IV°  En  general  et  pour  autant  que  les  circonstances  le  com- 
porteront,  1'Italie  et  1'Angleterre  se  promettent  appui  mutuel 
dans  la  Mediterranee  pour  tout  differend  qui  surgirait  entre  1'une 
d'elles  et  une  tierce  puissance. 

En  exprimant  la  confiance  que  ces  bases  recevront  I'assentiment 
du  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  la  reine,  le  soussigne  saisit  etc. 


British  Note  to  the  Italian  Government  in  regard  to  a  Mediterranean 
Agreement.    London,  February  12,  1887  * 

ANTWORT  DES  LORD  SALISBURY  AN  GRAFEN  CoRTi.8 

Secret. 

The  statement  of  Italian  policy  which  is  contained  in  your 
Exc.'s  dispatch  of  the  12th-  of  February6  has  been  received  by 
H.  M.'8  Government  with  great  satisfaction,  as  it  enables  them 
to  reciprocate  cordially  Count  Robilant's  friendly  sentiments  and 
to  express  their  own  desire  to  cooperate  generally  with  the 
Government  of  Italy  in  matters  of  common  interest  to  the  two 
countries.  The  character  of  that  cooperation  must  be  decided 
by  them,  when  the  occasion  for  it  arises,  according  to  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  case. 

In  the  interest  of  peace  and  of  the  independence  of  the  terri- 
tories adjacent  to  the  Mediterranean  sea,  Her  Majesty's  Govern- 

4  Copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  20, 
Geheimakten,  XIV,  5  a. 

5  Added  to  the  manuscript  by  Count  Kalnoky:  "Abschrift,  mitgetheilt  durch 
Graf  Nigra,  IQ./2.  1887."    ("Copy,  communicated  through  Count  Nigra,  February 
19,1887.") 

8  "i2th-  of  February"  inserted  by  Count  Kalnoky. 


FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  97 

of  encroachments  on  the  part  of  a  third  Power,  to  support  the 
action  of  Italy  at  every  other  point  whatsoever  of  the  North 
African  coast  districts,  and  especially  in  Tripolitania  and  Cy- 
renaica. 

IV.  In  general,  and  to  the  extent  that  circumstances  shall  per- 
mit, Italy  and  England  promise  one  another  mutual  support  in 
the  Mediterranean  in  every  difference  which  may  arise  between 
one  of  them  and  a  third  Power. 

In  expressing  the  confidence  that  these  bases  will  receive  the 
assent  of  the  Government  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  the  Queen, 
the  undersigned  avails  himself,  etc. 


ment  wish  to  act  in  the  closest  concert  and  agreement  with  that 
of  Italy.  Both  powers  desire  that  the  shores  of  the  Euxine,  the 
Aegean,  the  Adriatic  and  the  northern  coast  of  Africa  shall  re- 
main in  the  same  hands  as  now.  If,  owing  to  some  calamitous 
events,  it  becomes  impossible  to  maintain  the  absolute  status 
quo,  both  powers  desire  that  there  shall  be  no  extension  of  the 
domination  of  any  other  Great  Power  over  any  portion  of  those 
coasts.  It  will  be  the  earnest  desire  of  H.  M.'8  Government  to 
give  their  best  cooperation,  as  hereinbefore  expressed,  to  the 
Government  of  Italy  in  maintaining  these  cardinal  principles  of 
policy. 


98 


.. 

Accession  of  Austria-Hungary  to  the  Agreement.    London, 
March  24,  1887.  .7 

NOTE8  DU  COMTE  KAROLYI  AU  MARQUIS  DE   SALISBURY. 

24  mars  1887. 

J'ai  1'honneur,  d'ordre  de  mon  gouvernement,  d'adresser  a 
Votre  Excellence  la  communication  suivante  : 

C'est  avec  une  vive  satisfaction  que  le  cabinet  de  Vienne  a  pris 
connaissance  de  Fentente  intervenue  entre  le  cabinet  britannique 
et  celui  d'ltalie  sur  les  bases  d'une  politique  commune  a  suivre 
dans  les  questions  de  la  Mediterranee  et  des  mers  adjacentes. 

Je  suis  charge  d'exprimer  a  Votre  Excellence  tous  les  remerci- 
ments  du  gouvernement  I.  et  R.  d'avoir  ete  initie  sans  perte  de 
temps  dans  cet  accord  important  et  eminemment  conservateur. 

Anime,  avant  tout,  du  desir  de  contribuer  autant  que  possible 
au  maintien  du  droit  public  europeen  et  de  la  paix,  le  gouverne- 
ment austro-hongrois  est  heureux  de  pouvoir  constater  que  les 
principes  fondamentaux  et  les  buts  politiques  qui  se  trouvent 
etablis  par  cette  entente  sont  conformes  a  ceux  qui  guident  la 
politique  de  1'Autriche-Hongrie. 

Mu  par  la  conviction  que  ces  buts  seraient  mieux  assures  par 
notre  concours,  le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  I.  et  R.  apostolique 
est  pret  a  adherer  aux  declarations  d'amitie  et  d'identite  de  vues 
politiques  telles  qu'elles  sont  consignees  dans  les  notes  echangees 
entre  Votre  Excellence  et  M.  le  comte  Corti  sous  la  date  du  12 
fevrier  a.  c. 

En  pronong  ant  cette  adhesion,  le  gouvernement  austro-hongrois 
se  felicite  particulierement  du  rapprochement  politique  entre 
1'Angleterre  et  l'Autriche-Hongrie  et  de  la  consolidation  des 
rapports  reciproques  qui  en  resulte.  Ces  rapports  se  trouveront 
par  la  distinctement  places  sur  une  base  commune  visant  la 
poursuite  de  buts  identiques  et  la  defense  d'interets  communs. 

7  Draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XIV,  n.  31. 

8  "Note"  in  the  title  originally  read  "Projet  de  note."    "Projet  de"  was  eli- 
minated.   On  the  margin  Count  Kalnoky  added  in  his  own  handwriting:  "Defi- 
nitiver  Text." 


FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  99 

to 

Accession  of  Austria-Hungary  to  the  Agreement.    London, 
March  24,  1887. 

NOTE  OF  COUNT  K&ROLYI  TO  THE  MARQUESS  OF  SALISBURY. 

March  24,  1887. 

I  have  the  honor,  by  order  of  my  Government,  to  address  to 
Your  Excellency  the  following  communication: 

It  is  with  a  lively  satisfaction  that  the  Cabinet  of  Vienna  has 
taken  cognizance  of  the  understanding  reached  between  the 
British  Cabinet  and  that  of  Italy  on  the  bases  of  a  common  policy 
to  be  followed  in  the  questions  of  the  Mediterranean  and  of  the 
adjacent  seas. 

I  am  charged  with  expressing  to  Your  Excellency  the  deepest 
thanks  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Government  for  having  been 
apprised  without  loss  of  time  of  this  important  and  eminently 
conservative  agreement. 

Animated,  above  all  things,  by  the  desire  to  contribute  so  far 
as  possible  to  the  maintenance  of  European  public  law  and  of 
peace,  the  Austro-Hungarian  Government  is  happy  to  be  able  to 
note  that  the  fundamental  principles  and  the  political  objects 
which  are  established  by  this  understanding  conform  to  those 
which  guide  the  policy  of  Austria-Hungary. 

Moved  by  the  conviction  that  these  objects  would  best  be  as- 
sured by  our  cooperation,  the  Government  of  His  Imperial  and 
Royal  Apostolic  Majesty  is  ready  to  adhere  to  the  declarations  of 
friendship  and  of  identity  of  political  views  such  as  are  recorded 
in  the  notes  exchanged  between  Your  Excellency  and  Count  Corti 
under  date  of  February  12  of  the  current  year. 

In  announcing  this  adhesion,  the  Austro-Hungarian  Govern- 
ment congratulates  itself  particularly  on  the  political  rapproche- 
ment between  England  and  Austria-Hungary  and  on  the  result- 
ing consolidation  of  reciprocal  relations.  These  relations  will 
thereby  be  distinctly  placed  on  a  common  basis  looking  to  the 
pursuit  of  identical  aims  and  the  defence  of  common  interests. 


100  FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

Bien  que  les  questions  de  la  Mediterranee  en  general  ne  tou- 
chent  pas  en  premiere  ligne  les  interets  de  1'Autriche-Hongrie, 
mon  gouvernement  a  la  conviction  que  1'Angleterre  et  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  ont  les  memes  interets  en  ce  qui  concerne  1'ensemble  de  la 
question  d'Orient  et  des  lors  le  meme  besoin  d'y  maintenir  autant 
que  possible  le  status  quo,  d'empecher  1'extension  d'une  puissance 
au  detriment  des  autres  et  par  consequent  d'agir  de  concert  pour 
faire  valoir  ces  principes  cardinaux  de  leur  politque. 

En  exprimant  la  confiance  que  ces  declarations  recevront 
I'assentiment  cordial  du  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  la  reine,  je  saisis 
etc. 


Italian  acknowledgment  of  the  accession  of  Austria-Hungary. 

London,  March  24,  1887? 

A  S.  E.  le  comte  Karolyi,  ambassadeur  d'Autriche-Hongrie, 

Londres. 

Londres,  le  24  mars  1887. 
Monsieur  1'ambassadeur, 

J'ai  eu  1'honneur  de  recevoir  la  communication  de  V.  E.  de  ce 
jour  par  laquelle  elle  veut  bien  me  faire  connaitre  que  le  gouverne- 
ment de  S.  M.  I'empereur,  anime  du  desir  de  contribuer  au  main- 
tien  du  droit  public  europeen  et  de  la  paix,  et  estimant  que 
1'entente  intervenue  entre  les  gouvernements  d'ltalie  et  d'Angle- 
terre,  et  formulee  par  les  notes  echangees  le  1  2  fevrier  dernier 
entre  Mr.  le  marquis  de  Salisbury  et  moi,  est  conforme  a  la  poli- 
tique  de  1'Autriche-Hongrie,  y  faisait  adhesion. 

Conformement  aux  ordres  que  j'ai  rec.us  de  mon  gouverne- 
ment j'ai  Thonneur  d'exprimer  a  V.  E.  la  sincere  satisfaction  que 
le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi  a  eprouve  en  apprenant  que  celui 
de  S.  M.  I.  et  R.  A.  etait  anime  de  ces  dispositions  lesquelles  ne 
pouvaient  que  raffermir  toujours  plus  les  relations  de  bonne  amitie 
existant  entre  les  deux  etats,  et  je  m'empresse  d'accepter  au  nom 
du  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi  1'adhesion  de  celui  de  S.  M. 

9  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  20,  Geheimakten,  XIV,  n.  31. 


FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  IOI 

Although  the  questions  of  the  Mediterranean  in  general  do  not 
primarily  affect  the  interests  of  Austria-Hungary,  my  Govern- 
ment has  the  conviction  that  England  and  Austria-Hungary 
have  the  same  interests  so  far  as  concerns  the  Eastern  Question 
as  a  whole,  and  therefore  the  same  need  of  maintaining  the  status 
quo  in  the  Orient,  so  far  as  possible,  of  preventing  the  aggrandize- 
ment of  one  Power  to  the  detriment  of  others,  and  consequently 
of  acting  in  concert  in  order  to  insure  these  cardinal  principles 
of  their  policy. 

In  expressing  the  confidence  that  these  declarations  will  re- 
ceive the  cordial  assent  of  the  Government  of  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen,  I  avail  myself,  etc. 

w 

Italian   acknowledgment   of  the   accession   of  Austria-Hungary. 
London,  March  24,  1887. 

To  His  Excellency  Count  Karolyi,  Ambassador  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  London. 

London,  March  24,  1887. 
Mr.  Ambassador, 

I  have  had  the  honor  to  receive  the  communication  of  Your 
Excellency  of  today  by  which  you  have  been  good  enough  to 
inform  me  that  the  Government  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor, 
animated  by  the  desire  to  contribute  to  the  maintenance  of  Euro- 
pean public  law  and  of  peace,  and  believing  that  the  understand- 
ing reached  between  the  Governments  of  Italy  and  of  England, 
and  formulated  in  the  notes  exchanged  February  1 2  last  between 
the  Marquess  of  Salisbury  and  myself,  conforms  to  the  policy  of 
Austria-Hungary,  adheres  thereto. 

In  conformity  with  the  orders  which  I  have  received  from  my 
Government  I  have  the  honor  to  express  to  Your  Excellency  the 
sincere  satisfaction  which  the  Government  of  His  Majesty  the 
King  has  shown  on  learning  that  the  Government  of  His  Imperial 
and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty  was  animated  by  these  intentions, 
which  can  only  make  ever  firmer  the  relations  of  good  friendship 
existing  between  the  two  States;  and  I  hasten  to  accept  in  the 

LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


102  FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

1'empereur  a  1'entente  italo-anglaise,  ainsi  que  cette  adhesion  a 
ete  formulee  par  la  communication  precitee  de  V.  E. 

Je  saisis  cette  occasion  pour  vous  offrir,  Mr.  1'ambassadeur. 
1'assurance  de  ma  plus  haute  consideration. 

L.  Corti 
ambassadeur  d'ltalie. 


British  acknowledgment  of  the  accession  of  Austria-Hungary. 
London,  March  24,  1887.™ 

His  Excellency  the  Count  Karolyi,  etc.  etc.  etc. 

Foreign  Office,  March  24,  1887. 
Monsieur  1'ambassadeur, 

It  is  a  matter  of  the  liveliest  satisfaction  to  H.  My's  Govern- 
ment that  the  exchange  of  views  which  has  passed  between 
England  and  Italy,  and  which  has  been  communicated  to  the 
Cabinet  of  Vienna,  has  met  with  their  approbation,  and  has  been 
recognized  by  them  as  tending  to  the  preservation  of  European 
peace  and  the  maintenance  of  public  right. 

H.  My's  Government  received  with  no  less  gratification  the 
intimation  that  the  Austro-Hungarian  Government  are  prepared 
to  adhere  to  those  declarations  of  friendship  and  of  identity  in 
political  views  which  are  embodied  in  the  communications  be- 
tween England  and  Italy;  and  they  concur  in  the  belief  that  the 
cordial  relations,  based  on  a  similarity  of  interests  and  policy, 
which  have  long  subsisted  between  the  two  countries,  will  be 
strengthened  and  established  by  the  present  proceeding. 

They  are  fully  convinced  that,  in  respect  to  the  political  future 
of  the  territories  which  are  washed  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
adjacent  seas,  the  interests  of  Austria-Hungary  are  closely  related 
to  those  of  Great  Britain  and  Italy.  It  is  rather,  however,  with 

10  Original:  ibid. 


FIRST  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  103 

name  of  the  Government  of  His  Majesty  the  King  the  adhesion 
of  that  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  to  the  Italo-English  under- 
standing, as  this  adhesion  has  been  formulated  in  the  above- 
mentioned  communication  of  Your  Excellency. 

I  avail  myself  of  this  occasion  to  tender  you,  Mr.  Ambassador, 
the  assurance  of  my  highest  consideration. 

L.  Corti 
Ambassador  of  Italy. 


the  Euxine  and  the  Aegean  than  with  the  western  portion  of  the 
Mediterranean  that  the  policy  of  Austria  is  engaged. 

But  in  respect  to  the  territories  bordering  on  those  seas  whose 
political  status  more  specially  affects  the  interests  of  the  Austro- 
Hungarian  Empire,  the  objects  of  English  and  Austrian  policy 
are  the  same,  and  the  principles  which  ought  to  guide  it  are  clearly 
indicated  in  the  communications  to  which  Count  Kalnoky  has 
expressed  his  willingness  to  adhere. 

Without  determining  beforehand  the  character  which  the  co- 
operation of  the  two  Powers  ought  in  any  particular  contingency 
to  take,  the  efforts  of  H.  My>s  Government  in  harmony  with  those 
of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Government  will  be  constantly  directed 
to  secure  in  these  regions  the  maintenance,  so  long  as  it  shall  be 
possible,  of  the  status  quo,  and,  should  that  unhappily  cease  to 
be  possible,  the  prevention  of  the  growth  of  any  novel  domination 
hostile  to  the  interests  of  the  two  countries. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  with  the  highest  consideration,  Mr. 
Tambassadeur,  your  Exc.  most  obedient,  humble  servant 

Salisbury. 


104        SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

10. 

SECOND   TREATY    OF    THE    TRIPLE    ALLIANCE. 

1887. 

(a) 

The  second  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary, 
the  German  Empire,  and  Italy.    Berlin,  February  20,  i88?.1 

L.  L.  M.  M. 

1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique 
de  Hongrie, 

1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

et  le  roi  dTtalie 

animes  du  desir  de  maintenir  les  liens  etablis  entre  leurs  etats  et 
leurs  gouvernements  par  le  traite  conclu  a  Vienne  le  20  mai  1882, 
ont  resolu  d'en  prolonger  la  duree  au  moyen  d'un  traite  addition- 
nel  et  ont,  a  cet  effet,  nomme  pour  leurs  plenipotentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique de  Hongrie,  le  sieur  Emeric  comte  Szechenyi  de  Sarvari 
Felso-Videk,  chambellan  et  conseiller  intime  actuel,  son  ambas- 
sadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  le  sieur  Othon 
prince  de  Bismarck,  son  president  du  conseil  des  ministres  de 
Prusse,  chancelier  de  1'empire, 

S.  M.  le  roi  dTtalie,  le  sieur  Edouard  comte  de  Launay,  son 
ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'em- 
pereur d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

lesquels,  munis  de  pleins-pouvoirs,  qui  ont  ete  trouves  en  bonne 
et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Le  traite  d'alliance  conclu  a  Vienne  le  20  mai  1882  entre  les 
puissances  signataires  du  present  traite  additionnel,  est  confirme  et 
conserve  en  vigueur  dans  toute  son  etendue  jusqu'au  30  mai  1892. 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  18,  Geheimakten,  XV,  85. 


SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE         105 

IO. 

SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE, 

1887. 

(a) 

The  Second  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary, 
the  German  Empire,  and  Italy.    Berlin,  February  20,  1887. 

Their  Majesties 

the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic 
King  of  Hungary, 

the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

and  the  King  of  Italy, 

animated  by  the  desire  of  maintaining  the  bonds  established  be- 
tween Their  States  and  Then:  Governments  by  the  Treaty  con- 
cluded at  Vienna  on  May  20,  1882,  have  resolved  to  prolong  its 
duration  by  means  of  an  Additional  Treaty,  and  for  this  pur- 
pose have  appointed  as  Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Sieur  Emeric  Count  Sze- 
chenyi  of  Sarvari  Felso-Videk,  Chamberlain  and  Actual  Privy 
Councillor,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary 
to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the 
Sieur  Otto  Prince  Bismarck,  His  President  of  the  Council  of 
Ministers  of  Prussia,  Chancellor  of  the  Empire, 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  the  Sieur  Edward  Count  de 
Launay,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

who,  furnished  with  full  powers,  which  have  been  found  in 
good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  Treaty  of  Alliance  concluded  at  Vienna  on  May  20,  1882, 
between  the  Powers  signatory  to  the  present  Additional  Treaty, 
is  confirmed  and  kept  in  force  in  its  whole  extent  until  May  30, 
1892. 


106        SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  II. 

Le  present  traite  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  en  seront 
echangees  a  Berlin  dans  le  delai  de  quinze  jours,  ou  plus  tot  si 
faire  se  peut.2 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
present  traite  additionnel  et  y  ont  appose  leur  cachet. 

Fait  a  Berlin  le  vingtieme  jour  du  mois  de  f6vrier  mil  huit  cent 
quatre-vingt-sept. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  Launay. 


Separate  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy.    Berlin, 
February  20,  1887? 

L.  L.  M.  M. 

1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de 
Hongrie, 

et  le  roi  d'ltalie, 

jugeant  opportun  de  donner  quelque  developpement  au  traite 
d'alliance  signe  a  Vienne  le  20  mai  1882  et  dont  la  prolongation 
a  etc  stipulee  aujourd'hui  par  un  acte  additionnel,  ont  resolu  de 
conclure  un  traite  separe  qui  tienne  toujours  mieux  compte  des 
interets  reciproques  de  leurs  etats  et  de  leurs  gouvernements,  et 
ont  a  cet  effet  nomine  pour  leurs  plenipotentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique de  Hongrie,  le  sieur  Emeric  comte  Szechenyi  de  Sarvari 
Felso-Videk,  chambellan  et  conseiller  intime  actuel,  son  ambassa- 
deur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pr^s  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  February  27, 
1887  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XV,  87);  of  Emperor  William  I, 
Berlin,  February  27,  1887  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen 
Ratifikationen)  ;  of  King  Humbert,  Rome,  March  6,  1887  (ibid.);  Protocol  of  ex- 


SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        IO/ 

ARTICLE  II. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  shall 
be  exchanged  at  Berlin  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if 
may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
the  present  Additional  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  their  seal. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  twentieth  day  of  the  month  of  February, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-seven. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Bismarck. 

L.  S.  Launay. 

(b) 

Separate   Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy.     Berlin, 
February  20,  1887. 

Their  Majesties 

the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic 
King  of  Hungary, 

and  the  King  of  Italy, 

deeming  it  opportune  to  give  some  development  to  the  Treaty 
of  Alliance  signed  at  Vienna  on  May  20,  1882,  the  prolongation 
of  which  has  been  stipulated  today  by  an  Additional  Act,  have 
resolved  to  conclude  a  Separate  Treaty  which  shall  take  ever 
better  account  of  the  reciprocal  interests  of  Their  States  and  of 
Their  Governments,  and  have  for  this  purpose  appointed  as 
Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Sieur  Emeric  Count  Sze- 
chenyi of  Sarvari  Felso-Videk,  Chamberlain  and  Actual  Privy 
Councillor,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary 
to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

change  of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and  Italy, 
Berlin,  March  10,  1887  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XV,  91). 

3  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  1 8,  Geheimakten,  XV,  85. 


108        SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie,  le  sieur  Edouard  comte  de  Launay,  son 
ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

lesquels,  munis  de  pleins-pouvoirs  trouves  en  bonne  et  due 
forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes,  n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  main- 
tien,  autant  que  possible,  du  status  quo  territorial  en  Orient, 
s'engagent  a  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir  toute  modi- 
fication territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  Tune  ou  a  1'autre 
des  puissances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communi- 
queront  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer  mutuelle- 
ment  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles  d'autres 
puissances. 

Toutefois  dans  le  cas  ou,  par  suite  des  evenements.  le  maintien 
du  status  quo  dans  les  regions  des  Balkans  ou  des  c6tes  et  iles 
ottomanes  dans  1'Adriatique  et  dans  la  mer  Egee  deviendrait  im- 
possible, et  que,  soit  en  consequence  de  Faction  d'une  puissance 
tierce,  soit  autrement,  I'Autriche-Hongrie  ou  1'Italie  se  verraient 
dans  la  necessite  de  le  modifier  par  une  occupation  temporaire  ou 
permanente  de  leur  part,  cette  occupation  n'aura  lieu  qu'apres  un 
accord  prealable  entre  les  deux  susdites  puissances,  base  sur  le 
principe  d'une  compensation  reciproque  pour  tout  avantage  terri- 
torial ou  autre  que  chacune  d'elles  obtiendrait  en  sus  du  statu  quo 
actuel,  et  dormant  satisfaction  aux  interets  et  aux  pretentions  bien 
fondees  des  deux  parties. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement  le 
secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Le  present  traite  entrera  en  vigueur  des  le  jour  de  1'echange 
des  ratifications  et  le  restera  jusqu'au  30  mai  1892. 


SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        1 09 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  the  Sieur  Edward  Count  de 
Launay,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

who,  furnished  with  full  powers  found  hi  good  and  due  form, 
have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties,  having  hi  mind  only  the  main- 
tenance, so  far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the 
Orient,  engage  to  use  their  influence  to  forestall  any  territorial 
modification  which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the 
Powers  signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  They  shall  communi- 
cate to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  enlighten  each 
other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions,  as  well  as 
those  of  other  Powers. 

However,  if,  in  the  course  of  events,  the  maintenance  of  the 
status  quo  hi  the  regions  of  the  Balkans  or  of  the  Ottoman  coasts 
and  islands  hi  the  Adriatic  and  in  the  Aegean  Sea  should  become 
impossible,  and  if,  whether  hi  consequence  of  the  action  of  a 
third  Power  or  otherwise,  Austria-Hungary  or  Italy  should  find 
themselves  under  the  necessity  of  modifying  it  by  a  temporary  or 
permanent  occupation  on  their  part,  this  occupation  shall  take 
place  only  after  a  previous  agreement  between  the  two  Powers 
aforesaid,  based  upon  the  principle  of  a  reciprocal  compensation 
for  every  advantage,  territorial  or  other,  which  each  of  them  might 
obtain  beyond  the  present  status  quo,  and  giving  satisfaction  to 
the  interests  and  well  founded  claims  of  the  two  Parties. 

ARTICLE  II. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  III. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  enter  into  force  from  the  day  of  the 
exchange  of  ratifications  and  shall  remain  so  until  May  30,  1892. 


ARTICLE  IV. 

Les  ratifications  en  seront  echangees  a  Berlin  dans  un  delai 
de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  t6t  si  f  aire  se  peut.4 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
present  traite  et  y  ont  appose  leur  cachet. 

Fait  a  Berlin  le  vingtieme  jour  du  mois  de  fevrier  mil  huit  cent 
quatre-vingt-sept. 

L.S.  Szechenyi. 

L.S.  Launay. 


Separate  Treaty  between  the  German  Empire  and  Italy.    Berlin, 
February  20,  1887.* 

L.  L.  M.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de 
Prusse  voulant,  dans  un  esprit  de  bonne  entente  mutuelle,  res- 
serrer  de  plus  en  plus  les  liens  deja  etablis  entre  leurs  etats  et 
leurs  gouvernements  par  le  traite  d'alliance  conclu  a  Vienne  le 
20  mai  1882  et  dont  la  prolongation  vient  d'etre  signee  au- 
jourd'hui,  ont  resolu  de  stipuler  un  traite  separe  qui  reponde 
toujours  davantage  aux  circonstances  presentes,  et  ont,  a  cet 
effet,  nomme  pour  leurs  plenipotentiaires,  savoir:  .  .  .  lesquels, 
munis  de  pleins-pouvoirs  qui  ont  ete  trouves  en  bonne  et  due 
forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants. 

ARTICLE  I. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes,  n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  main- 
tien,  autant  que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient, 
s'engagent  a  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir,  sur  les  cotes  et 
iles  ottomanes  dans  la  mer  Adriatique  et  dans  la  mer  Egee,  toute 
modification  territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  1'une  ou  a 

4  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  February  27, 
1887  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XV,  87);  of  King  Humbert,  Rome, 
March  6,  1887  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifika- 
tionen);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Berlin,  March  10,  1887  (original: 
St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XV,  91). 


SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE   ALLIANCE        III 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  at  Berlin  within  a  period 
of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
the  present  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  their  seal. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  twentieth  day  of  the  month  of  February, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-seven. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  Launay. 

w 

Separate  Treaty  between  the  German  Empire  and  Italy.    Berlin, 
February  20,  1887* 

Their  Majesties  the  King  of  Italy  and  the  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many, King  of  Prussia,  wishing,  in  a  spirit  of  mutual  good  under- 
standing, to  strengthen  more  and  more  the  bonds  already  estab- 
lished between  Their  States  and  Their  Governments  by  the  Treaty 
of  Alliance  concluded  at  Vienna  on  May  20,  1882,  the  prolonga- 
tion of  which  has  just  been  signed  today,  have  resolved  to  enact 
a  Separate  Treaty  which  shall  be  more  and  more  in  keeping  with 
the  present  circumstances,  and  have  for  this  purpose  appointed 
as  Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit:  .  .  .  who,  furnished  with  full 
powers,  which  have  been  found  in  good  and  due  form,  have 
agreed  upon  the  following  Articles. 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties,  having  in  mind  only  the  main- 
tenance, so  far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the 
Orient,  engage  to  use  their  influence  to  forestall,  on  the  Ottoman 
coasts  and  islands  in  the  Adriatic  and  the  Aegean  Seas,  any  terri- 

*  Copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XV,  n.  85. 

The  following  observation  in  Kalnoky's  handwriting  is  in  the  margin  of  the 
original:  "Streng  vertraulich  vom  Flirsten  Reuss  mitgetheilt,  der  nur  ermachtig 
war,  mich  den  Vertrag  lesen  zu  lassen.  Kalnoky."  ("Communicated  in  strictest 
confidence  by  Prince  Reuss,  who  was  only  authorized  to  allow  me  to  read  the 
Treaty.  Kalnoky.") 


112        SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

Pautre  des  puissances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se 
communiqueront  a  cet  effet  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a 
s'eclairer  mutuellement  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que 
sur  celles  d'autres  puissances. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Les  stipulations  de  1'article  I  ne  s'appliquent  d'aucune  maniere 
a  la  question  egyptienne,  au  sujet  de  laquelle  les  hautes  parties 
contractantes  conservent  respectivement  leur  liberte  d'action,  eu 
egard  toujours  aux  principes  sur  lesquels  reposent  le  present 
traite  et  celui  du  20  mai  1882. 

ARTICLE  III. 

S'il  arrivait  que  la  France  fit  acte  d'etendre  son  occupation 
ou  bien  son  protectorat  ou  sa  souverainete,  sous  une  forme  quel- 
conque,  sur  les  territoires  nord-africains,  soit  du  villayet  de 
Tripoli,  soit  de  I'empire  Marocain,  et  qu'en  consequence  de  ce 
fait  1'Italie  crut  devoir,  pour  sauvegarder  sa  position  dans  la 
Mediterranee,  entreprendre  elle-meme  une  action  sur  lesdits 
territoires  nord-africains,  ou  bien  recourir,  sur  le  territoire 
frangais  en  Europe,  aux  mesures  extremes,  Petat  de  guerre  qui 
s'en  suivrait  entre  PItalie  et  la  France  constituerait  ipso  facto,6 
sur  la  demande  de  PItalie  et  a  la  charge  commune  des  deux  allies, 
le  casus  foederis  avec  tous  les  effets  prevus  par  les  articles  II  et 
V  du  susdit  traite  du  20  mai  1882,  comme  si  pareille  eventual! te 
y  etait  expressement  visee. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Si  les  chances  de  toute  guerre  entreprise  en  commun  contre  la 
France  amenaient  PItalie  a  rechercher  des  garanties  territoriales 
a  Pegard  de  la  France  pour  la  securite  des  frontieres  du  royaume 
et  de  sa  position  maritime,  ainsi  qu'en  vue  de  la  stabilite  de  la 
paix,  PAllemagne  n'y  mettra  aucun  obstacle  et,  au  besoin  et  dans 
une  mesure  compatible  avec  les  circonstances,  s'appliquera  a 
faciliter  les  moyens  d'atteindre  un  semblable  but. 

6  Underlined  in  the  present  copy. 


SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        113 

tonal  modification  which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other 
of  the  Powers  signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end  they 
shall  communicate  to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to 
enlighten  each  other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions, 
as  well  as  those  of  other  Powers. 

ARTICLE  II. 

The  stipulations  of  Article  I  apply  in  no  way  to  the  Egyptian 
question,  with  regard  to  which  the  High  Contracting  Parties 
preserve  respectively  their  freedom  of  action,  regard  being  always 
paid  to  the  principles  upon  which  rest  the  present  Treaty  and 
that  of  May  20,  1882. 

ARTICLE  III. 

If  it  were  to  happen  that  France  should  make  a  move  to  ex- 
tend her  occupation,  or  even  her  protectorate  or  her  sovereignty, 
under  any  form  whatsoever,  in  the  North  African  territories, 
whether  of  the  Vilayet  of  Tripoli  or  of  the  Moroccan  Empire, 
and  that  in  consequence  thereof  Italy,  in  order  to  safeguard 
her  position  in  the  Mediterranean,  should  feel  that  she  must  her- 
self undertake  action  in  the  said  North  African  territories,  or 
even  have  recourse  to  extreme  measures  hi  French  territory  in 
Europe,  the  state  of  war  which  would  thereby  ensue  between 
Italy  and  France  would  constitute  ipso  facto*  on  the  demand  of 
Italy  and  at  the  common  charge  of  the  two  Allies,  the  casus 
foederis  with  all  the  effects  foreseen  by  Articles  II  and  V  of  the 
aforesaid  Treaty  of  May  20,  1882,  as  if  such  an  eventuality  were 
expressly  contemplated  therein. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

If  the  fortunes  of  any  war  undertaken  in  common  against 
France  should  lead  Italy  to  seek  for  territorial  guaranties  with 
respect  to  France  for  the  security  of  the  frontiers  of  the  Kingdom 
and  of  her  maritime  position,  as  well  as  with  a  view  to  the  stabil- 
ity of  peace,  Germany  will  present  no  obstacle  thereto;  and,  if 
need  be,  and  in  a  measure  compatible  with  circumstances,  will 
apply  herself  to  facilitating  the  means  of  attaining  such  a  purpose. 


114        SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  V. 

Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Le  present  traite  entrera  en  vigueur  des  le  jour  de  1'echange 
des  ratifications  et  le  restera  jusqu'au  30  mai  1892. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

Les  ratifications  en  seront  echangees  a  Berlin  dans  un  delai 
de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  t6t  si  faire  se  peut.7 
En  foi  de  quoi  etc.  [Berlin  20  Febr.  1887.] 8 

(d) 

Final  Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 
Italy.    February  20,  1887* 

Les  soussignes  viennent  de  proceder  a  la  signature  d'un  traite 
additionnel  prolongeant  la  duree  du  traite  d 'alliance  conclu  a 
Vienne  le  20  mai  1882. 

II  a  ete  signe  en  meme  temps  un  traite  separe  entre  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  et  1'Italie  et  un  traite  separe  entre  1'Allemagne  et  1'Italie. 
Ces  deux  derniers  actes,  quoique  distincts,  ne  repondent  pas 
moins  a  Tesprit  general  de  1'accord  precite  de  1882,  car  aujourd'hui 
comme  alors  les  trois  monarchies  visent  essentiellement  au  main- 
tien  de  la  paix. 

La  simultaneite  des  signatures  apposees  aux  traites  en  date  de 
ce  jour  demontre  cette  entente  d'ensemble  entre  les  gouverne- 
ments  respectifs,  et  les  soussignes  se  plaisent  a  le  constater  en 
signant  le  present  et  unique  proces-verbal. 

Fait  a  Berlin  le  20  fevrier  1887. 

Szechenyi. 

v.  Bismarck. 

Launay. 

7  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Berlin,  March  10,  1887  (original:   St. 
A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XV,  91). 


SECOND  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        115 

ARTICLE  V. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as 
to  the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  enter  into  force  from  the  day  of  the 
exchange  of  ratifications  and  shall  remain  in  force  until  May  30, 
1892. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

The  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  at  Berlin  within  a  period 
of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof,  etc.  [Berlin,  February  20,  1887.]  8 

(<*) 

Final  Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 
Italy.    February  20,  1887. 

The  undersigned  have  just  proceeded  to  the  signing  of  an  Addi- 
tional Treaty  prolonging  the  duration  of  the  Treaty  of  Alliance 
concluded  at  Vienna,  May  20,  1882. 

There  has  been  signed  at  the  same  time  a  Separate  Treaty  be- 
tween Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  and  a  Separate  Treaty  between 
Germany  and  Italy.  These  last  two  Acts,  although  distinct,  re- 
spond none  the  less  to  the  general  spirit  of  the  aforementioned 
agreement  of  1882 ;  because  today,  as  then,  the  three  Monarchies 
are  aiming  essentially  at  the  maintenance  of  peace. 

The  simultaneity  of  the  signatures  affixed  to  the  Treaties  under 
date  of  this  day  demonstrates  this  uniformity  of  understanding 
between  the  respective  Governments,  and  the  undersigned  are 
pleased  to  testify  thereto  by  signing  the  present  and  single 
Proces- verbal. 

Done  at  Berlin,  February  20,  1887. 

Szechenyi. 

v.  Bismarck. 

Launay. 

8  Added  in  Count  Kalnoky's  handwriting. 

9  Original:    St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  1 8,  Geheimakten,  XV,  85. 


Il6      ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 


II. 


MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN 
ITALY  AND  SPAIN.     1887. 


Spanish  Note  to  Italy  proposing  a  Mediterranean  Agreement. 
Madrid,  May  4,  i88?.1 

Ministerio  de  estado. 

Madrid,  le  4  mai  1887. 

Le  soussigne,  ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres  d'Espagne,  a 
1'honneur  de  porter  ce  qui  suit  a  la  connaissance  de  Mr.  le  mar- 
quis Maffei,  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire 
de  S.  M.  le  roi  dTtalie: 

Le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  la  reine  regente,  anime  du  desir  de 
rechercher  une  entente  avec  le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi 
dTtalie,  a  Teffet  de  fortifier  toujours  plus  le  principe  monarchique 
et  de  contribuer  au  raffermissement  de  la  paix,  se  prononce  des-a- 
present  pour  1'acceptation  des  dispositions  suivantes: 

i°  L'Espagne  ne  se  pretera  envers  la  France,  en  ce  qui  con- 
cerne  entre  autres  les  territoires  nord-africains,  a  aucun  traite 
ou  arrangement  politique  quelconque  qui  serait  directement  ou 
indirectement  dirige  centre  ITtalie,  1'Allemagne  et  1'Autriche,  ou 
centre  Tune  ou  1'autre  de  ces  puissances. 

2°-  Abstention  de  toute  attaque  non  provoquee,  ainsi  que  de 
toute  provocation. 

3°  En  vue  des  interets  engages  dans  la  Mediterranee  et  dans 
le  but  principal  d'y  maintenir  le  statu  quo  actuel,  1'Espagne  et 
Tltalie  se  tiendront  sur  ce  sujet  en  communication,  en  se  faisant 
part  de  tout  renseignement  propre  a  s'eclairer  sur  leurs  disposi- 
tions respectives,  ainsi  que  sur  celles  des  autres  puissances. 

En  exprimant  1'espoir  que  ces  presentes  et  secretes  propositions 
ob  tiendront  1'assentiment  du  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi 

1  Copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  19, 
Geheimakten,  XVI  a,  29. 


ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT      117 

II. 

MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN 
ITALY  AND  SPAIN.    1887. 

(a) 

Spanish  Note  to  Italy  proposing  a  Mediterranean  Agreement. 
Madrid,  May  4,  1887. 

Ministry  of  State. 

Madrid,  May  4,  1887. 

The  undersigned,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Spain,  has  the 
honor  to  bring  the  following  to  the  knowledge  of  Marquis 
Maffei,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy: 

The  Government  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Regent,  animated 
by  the  desire  to  seek  an  understanding  with  the  Government  of 
His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  for  the  purpose  of  fortifying  more 
and  more  the  monarchical  principle  and  of  contributing  to  the 
strengthening  of  the  peace,  declares  itself  from  the  present  time 
in  favor  of  the  acceptance  of  the  following  provisions: 

1.  Spain  will  not  lend  herself  as  regards  France,  in  so  far  as 
the  North  African  territories  among  others  are  concerned,  to  any 
treaty  or  political  arrangement  whatsoever  which  would  be 
aimed  directly  or  indirectly  against  Italy,  Germany,  and  Austria, 
or  against  any  one  of  these  Powers. 

2.  Abstention  from  all  unprovoked  attack,  as  well  as  from  all 
provocation. 

3.  In  view  of  the  interests  involved  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  for  the  principal  purpose  of  maintaining  there  the  present 
status  quo,  Spain  and  Italy  will  keep  in  communication  with  one 
another  on  this  subject,  by  conveying  to  each  other  all  informa- 
tion of  a  kind  to  enlighten  each  other  concerning  their  respective 
dispositions,  as  well  as  those  of  other  Powers. 

In  expressing  the  hope  that  these  present  and  secret  proposals 
will  obtain  the  assent  of  the  Government  of  His  Majesty  the 


Il8      ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

d'ltalie,  le  soussigne  saisit  cette  occasion  pour  renouveler  a  Mr. 
le  marquis  Maffei  les  assurances  de  sa  consideration  la  plus 
distinguee. 

Madrid,  le  quatre  mai  mil  huit  cent  quatre  vingt  sept. 

(Signe)  Moret. 

Pour  copie  conforme  a  1'original 

Madrid,  le  8  mai  1887. 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

(ft) 

Italian  reply  to  Spanish  Note.    Madrid,  May  4,  1887? 

R.  legazione  d'ltalia. 

Madrid,  le  4  mai  1887. 

Le  soussigne  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire 
de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  a  rec.u  la  note  que  S.  E.  le  ministre  des 
affaires  etrangeres  d'Espagne  lui  a  fait  1'honneur  de  lui  adresser 
en  date  d'aujourd'hui,  et  il  est  autorise  a  y  repondre  dans  les 
termes  suivants: 

Le  gouvernement  du  roi  donne  son  assentiment  aux  dispositions 
enoncees  dans  la  note  susdite  et  s'engage  a  la  reciprocite. 

II  se  reserve,  en  meme  temps,  d'examiner,  en  plein  accord  avec 
les  gouvernements  de  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de 
Prusse,  et  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Hongrie,  si  et  dans  quelle 
mesure  il  y  aurait  lieu,  selon  les  circonstances,  de  se  concerter 
ulterieurement  avec  le  cabinet  de  Madrid  pour  mieux  assurer 
encore  le  but  que  lui  aussi  se  propose. 

En  attendant,  le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  prend  acte  de  la  com- 
munication susmentionnee  et  considere  comme  entrant  des 
aujourd'hui  en  vigueur,  et  pour  une  duree  de  quatre  ans,  1'accord 
secret  etabli  par  le  present  echange  de  notes. 

Le  soussigne  saisit  cette  occasion  pour  renouveler  a  S.  E.  le 

2  Copy:  St.  A.,  ibid. 


ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT      119 

King  of  Italy,  the  undersigned  avails  himself  of  this  occasion  to 
renew  to  Marquis  Maffei  the  assurances  of  his  most  distinguished 
consideration. 

Madrid,  the  fourth  of  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eighty-seven. 

(Signed)  Moret. 
For  copy  true  to  the  original: 
Madrid,  May  8,  1887. 

L.  S.  Maffei. 


Italian  reply  to  Spanish  Note.     Madrid,  May  4, 
Royal  Legation  of  Italy. 

Madrid,  May  4,  1887. 

The  undersigned,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  has  received  the 
Note  which  His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of 
Spain  has  done  him  the  honor  to  address  to  him  under  today's 
date,  and  he  is  authorized  to  respond  thereto  in  the  following 
terms: 

The  Government  of  the  King  gives  its  assent  to  the  provisions 
enunciated  in  the  aforesaid  Note  and  pledges  itself  to  reciprocity. 

At  the  same  time,  it  reserves  to  itself  to  examine,  hi  full  agree- 
ment with  the  Governments  of  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  and  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of 
Hungary,  whether  and  to  what  extent  there  may  be  need,  accord- 
ing to  circumstances,  to  enter  into  further  concert  with  the  Cab- 
inet of  Madrid  in  order  the  better  to  assure  the  purpose  which  it 
too  has  in  view. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Government  of  His  Majesty  takes  note 
of  the  abovementioned  communication  and  regards  the  secret 
agreement  estabh'shed  by  the  present  exchange  of  Notes  as  enter- 
ing into  force  from  today,  and  for  a  period  of  four  years. 

The  undersigned  avails  himself  of  this  occasion  to  renew  to 


120      ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres  d'Espagne  les  assurances  de  sa 
consideration  la  plus  distinguee. 
Madrid,  le  quatre  mai  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-sept. 

(signe)  Maffei. 

Pour  copie  conforme  a  1'original 
Madrid,  le  8  mai  1887. 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

Per  copia  certificata  conforme  alia  copia  autentica  delle  due 
note,  esistente  nelFarchivio  des  R.  ministero  degli  affari  esteri. 
Roma,  1 6  maggio  1887. 

II  presidente  del  consiglio  e  ministro  segretario  di  stato  per 
gli  affari  esteri. 

L.  S.  Depretis. 

Per  certificazione  della  firma  di  S.  E.  il  Sign.  Depretis,  presi- 
dente del  consiglio  e  ministro  segretario  di  stato  per  gli  affari 
esteri  di  S.  M.  il  re  d'ltalie, 

1'ambasciatore  di  S.  M.  il  re  d'ltalia  a  Vienna. 

L.  S.  Nigra. 

Vienna  20  maggio  1887. 

M 

Accession  of  Austria-Hungary.    May  21,  1887? 
An  Graf  Nigra.4 

Vienne,  21  Mai  1887:* 

Le  soussigne  a  regu  la  note  que  S.  E.  1'ambassadeur  d'ltalie 
lui  a  fait  1'honneur  de  lui  adresser  en  date  du  21  courant 5  ainsi 

3  Draft:  St.  A.,  ibid. 

According  to  a  note  from  the  Italian  Government  of  May  4,  1891  (St.  A.,  Polit. 
Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XVI,  58),  the  German  Empire  also  acceded  to  this  Treaty. 

4  These  words  were  added  in  Kalnoky's  handwriting,  as  well  as  the  following 
comment:    "Gegen  die  italienische  Note  ausgewechselt  und  dem  italienischen 
Botschafter  eingehandigt  am  2I./5.  1887.     Kalnoky."     ("Exchanged  against  the 
Italian  Note  and  presented  to  the  Italian  Ambassador,  May  21,  1887.     Kalnoky.") 

6  "21  courant"  inserted  by  Kalnoky.  Nigra's  communication  (original:  St. 
A.),  dated  Vienna,  May  21,  1887,  reads  as  follows: 

"Le  d6sir  exprime  par  le  gouvernement  espagnol  de  contribuer  pour  sa  part  aussi 
a  la  realisation  d'un  programme,  servant  a  la  fois  les  intSrets  de  la  monarchic  et  du 


ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT      121 

His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Spain  the  as- 
surances of  his  most  distinguished  consideration. 

Madrid,  the  fourth  of  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eighty-seven. 

(signed)  Maffei. 
For  copy  true  to  the  original: 
Madrid,  May  8,  1887. 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

For  certified  copy  true  to  the  authentic  copy  of  the  two  Notes 
filed  in  the  Archive  of  the  Royal  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
Rome,  May  16,  1887. 

The  President  of  the  Council  and  Minister  Secretary  of  State 
for  Foreign  Affairs. 

L.  S.  Depretis. 

For  certification  of  the  signature  of  His  Excellency  Signer 
Depretis,  President  of  the  Council  and  Minister  Secretary  of 
State  for  Foreign  Affairs  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy. 

The  Ambassador  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  at  Vienna. 

L.  S.  Nigra. 

Vienna,  May  20,  1887. 


Accession  of  Austria-Hungary.    May  21,  1887* 
To  Count  Nigra.4 

Vienna,  May  21,  1887:* 

The  undersigned  has  received  the  Note  which  His  Excellency 
the  Ambassador  of  Italy  has  done  him  the  honor  to  address  to 
him  under  date  of  the  2ist  instant  5  as  well  as  the  two  annexes, 

maintien  de  la  paix,  a  donn6  lieu  £  des  pourparlers  entre  les  cabinets  de  Rome,  de 
Vienne  et  de  Berlin.  II  en  est  r6sult£  une  entente  par  un  projet  de  notes  a  6changer 
entre  1'Italie  et  1'Espagne,  arrangement  auquel  les  deux  empires  se  sont  dSclare's 
prels  a  donner  leur  adhesion.  Le  gouvernement  de  la  reine-re'gente  ayant  e'nonce' 
son  acceptation,  il  a  616  proce'de  a  Madrid  en  date  du  4  mai  courant  £  I'Schange  des 
notes  pr£cit£es  entre  le  repr£sentant  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  S.  E.  le  ministre  d'6tat. 
D'ordre  de  son  gouvernement,  le  soussign£  a  1'honneur  d'en  joindre  ici  les  copies 
certified  et  de  prier  S.  E.  Mr  le  comte  Kalnoky,  ministre  des  affaires  6trangeres 


122       ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

que  les  deux  annexes,  et  s'empresse  de  notifier  1'accession  du 
gouvernement  imperial  aux  notes  echangees  a  Madrid  le  4  du 
me'me  mois  entre  le  representant  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  S.  E. 
le  ministre  d'etat  de  S.  M.  la  reine-regente. 

Le  soussigne  temoigne  sa  satisfaction  que  les  negotiations  aient 
abouti  a  un  resultat  de  nature  a  assurer  le  concours  de  1'Espagne 
a  la  realisation  du  programme  de  paix  et  de  conservation  dont 
s'inspirent  les  gouvernements  d'Autriche-Hongrie6  et  d'ltalie. 

II  saisit  en  meme  temps  cette  occasion  etc.  etc. 

sig.  Kalnoky  .7 

d'Autriche-Hongrie,  de  le  mettre  a  m£me  de  notifier  a  Rome  1'accession  de"ja  con- 
venue  du  gouvernement  imperial.  Une  demarche  analogue  est  faite  aupres  du 
cabinet  de  Berlin.  Le  soussign6  etc." 

Translation. 

"The  desire  expressed  by  the  Spanish  Government  to  contribute  for  its  part  also 
to  the  realization  of  a  programme,  serving  at  once  the  interests  of  the  Monarchy 
and  of  the  maintenance  of  peace,  has  been  the  subject  of  conferences  between  the 
Cabinets  of  Rome,  of  Vienna,  and  of  Berlin.  There  has  resulted  thence  an  under- 
standing by  a  plan  of  exchange  of  Notes  between  Italy  and  Spain,  an  arrangement 
to  which  the  two  Empires  have  declared  themselves  ready  to  give  their  adhesion. 
The  Government  of  the  Queen  Regent  having  announced  its  acceptance,  the 
exchange  of  the  aforesaid  Notes  was  proceeded  with  at  Madrid  under  date  of 
May  4  instant,  between  the  Representative  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  and 
His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  State.  By  order  of  his  Government,  the  undersigned 
has  the  honor  to  append  hereto  certified  copies  thereof  and  to  request  His  Excel- 
lency Count  Kalnoky,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Austria-Hungary,  to  enable 
him  to  notify  to  Rome  the  accession  of  the  Imperial  Government,  as  already  agreed 
upon.  A  similar  overture  is  made  to  the  Cabinet  of  Berlin.  The  undersigned,  etc." 

6  "Hongrie"  inserted  by  Kalnoky. 

7  "sig.  Kalnoky"  inserted  in  Kalnoky's  handwriting. 


ITALO-SPANISH  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT      123 

and  hastens  to  notify  the  accession  of  the  Imperial  Government 
to  the  Notes  exchanged  at  Madrid  the  4th  of  the  same  month 
between  the  Representative  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy 
and  His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  State  of  Her  Majesty  the 
Queen  Regent. 

The  undersigned  expresses  his  satisfaction  that  the  negotia- 
tions have  led  to  a  result  of  a  nature  to  assure  the  cooperation  of 
Spain  in  the  realization  of  the  programme  of  peace  and  of  con- 
servation with  which  the  Governments  of  Austria-Hungary  and 
of  Italy  are  inspired. 

At  the  same  time  he  avails  himself  of  this  occasion,  etc.,  etc. 

(signed)    Kalnoky. 


124  SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 


12. 

SECOND     MEDITERRANEAN    AGREEMENT 
BETWEEN  GREAT  BRITAIN,  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY,  AND  ITALY.     1887. 

(a) 

Austrian  Note  to  Great  Britain  proposing  a  further  Agreement  in 
the  Mediterranean.    London,  December  12,  1887. l 

Son  Excellence  Monsieur  le  marquis  de  Salisbury. 

Londres,  le  12  decembre  1887. 

A  la  suite  de  1'entente  etablie  entre  les  gouvernements  de  S.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Hongrie  et  de  L.  L.  M.  M.  la  reine 
du  royaume  uni  de  la  Grande  Bretagne  et  dTrlande  et  le  roi 
dTtalie  par  1'echange  de  notes  opere  a  Londres  le  mois  de  mars 
1887,  le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  I.  et  R.  A.  est  tombe  d'accord 
avec  le  gouvernement  d'ltalie  de  proposer  au  gouvernement  de  la 
Grande  Bretagne  1'adoption  des  points  suivants,  destines  a  con- 
firmer  les  principes  etablis  par  1'echange  de  notes  precite,  et  a 
preciser  1'attitude  commune  des  trois  puissances  en  prevision  des 
eventualites  qui  pourraient  se  produire  en  Orient. 

i°-  Maintien  de  la  paix  et  exclusion  de  toute  politique  agres- 
sive. 

2°-  Maintien  du  status  quo  en  Orient  fonde  sur  les  traites  a 
1'exclusion  de  toute  politique  de  compensations. 

3°-  Maintien  des  autonomies  locales  etablies  par  ces  memes 
traites. 

4°-  Independance  de  la  Turquie  gardienne  d'interets  europeens 
importants  (independance  du  chalifat,  liberte  des  detroits  etc.)  de 
toute  influence  etrangere  preponderante. 

5°-  Par  consequent  la  Turquie  ne  peut  ni  ceder,  ni  deleguer  ses 
droits  suzerains  sur  la  Bulgarie  a  une  autre  puissance,  ni  inter- 
venir  pour  y  etablir  une  administration  etrangere,  ni  tolerer  des 

1  Copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  VIII  b,  n.  148. 


SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  125 

12. 

SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 
BETWEEN  GREAT  BRITAIN,  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY,  AND  ITALY.     1887. 

W 

Austrian  Note  to  Great  Britain  proposing  a  further  Agreement  in 
the  Mediterranean.    London,  December  12,  1887. 

His  Excellency  the  Marquess  of  Salisbury. 

London,  December  12,  1887. 

As  a  result  of  the  understanding  reached  between  the  Govern- 
ments of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary, 
and  of  Their  Majesties  the  Queen  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  the  King  of  Italy  by  the  exchange 
of  Notes  effected  at  London  in  the  month  of  March,  1887,  the 
Government  of  His  Imperial  and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty  has 
come  to  an  agreement  with  the  Government  of  Italy  to  propose 
to  the  Government  of  Great  Britain  the  adoption  of  the  follow- 
ing points,  intended  to  confirm  the  principles  established  by  the 
aforementioned  exchange  of  Notes  and  to  define  the  common 
attitude  of  the  three  Powers  in  prospect  of  the  eventualities 
which  might  occur  in  the  Orient. 

1.  The  maintenance  of  peace  and  the  exclusion  of  all  policy  of 
aggression. 

2.  The  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  in  the  Orient,  based  on 
the  treaties,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  policy  of  compensation. 

3.  The  maintenance  of  the  local  autonomies  established  by 
these  same  treaties. 

4.  The  independence  of  Turkey,  as  guardian  of  important 
European  interests  (independence  of  the  Caliphate,  the  freedom 
of  the  Straits,  etc.),  of  all  foreign  preponderating  influence. 

5.  Consequently,  Turkey  can  neither  cede  nor  delegate  her 
suzerain  rights  over  Bulgaria  to  any  other  Power,  nor  intervene 
in  order  to  establish  a  foreign  administration  there,  nor  tolerate 


126  SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

actes  de  coercition  entrepris  dans  ce  dernier  but,  sous  forme  soit 
d'occupation  militaire  soit  d'envoi  de  volontaires.  De  meme  la 
Turquie,  constituee  par  les  traites  gardienne  des  detroits,  ne 
pourrait  non  plus  ceder  aucune  portion  de  ses  droits  souverains, 
ni  deleguer  ses  pouvoirs  a  une  autre  puissance  en  Asie  Mineure. 

6°  Desir  des  trois  puissances  de  s'associer  la  Turquie  pour  la 
defense  commune  de  ces  principes. 

7°-  En  cas  de  resistance  de  la  Turquie  a  des  entreprises  illegales, 
telles  qu'elles  se  trouvent  indiquees  dans  1'article  5,  les  trois 
puissances  se  mettront  aussitot  d'accord  sur  les  mesures  a  prendre 
pour  faire  respecter  1'independance  de  1'empire  ottoman  et 
1'integrite  de  son  territoire,  telles  qu'elles  sont  consacrees  par  les 
traites  anterieurs. 

8°  Si  cependant  la  conduite  de  la  Porte  de  1'avis  des  trois 
puissances  prenait  le  caractere  de  complicite  ou  de  connivence 
avec  une  pareille  entreprise  illegale,  les  trois  puissances  se  con- 
sidereront  comme  justifiees  par  les  traites  existants  a  proceder, 
soit  conjointement,  soit  separement  a  1'occupation  provisoire  par 
leurs  forces  de  terre  ou  de  mer  de  tels  points  du  territoire  ottoman 
qu'elles  reconnaitront  d'accord  necessaire  d'occuper  a  1'effet 
d'assurer  les  buts  determines  par  les  traites  anterieurs. 

9°-  L'existence  et  le  contenu  du  present  accord  entre  les  trois 
puissances  ne  devront  etre  reveles  a  la  Turquie  ni  a  d'autres  puis- 
sances qui  n'en  auraient  pas  deja  ete  informees  sans  le  consente- 
ment  anterieur  de  toutes  et  de  chacune  des  trois  puissances 
susdites. 

Le  soussigne  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  ministre  pleni- 
potentiaire  de  S.  M.  I.  et  R.  A.  a  ete  charge  par  son  gouverne- 
ment  de  signer  la  presente  note  et  de  1'echanger  centre  une  note 
analogue  du  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  britannique. 

Le  soussigne  saisit  cette  occasion  pour  renouveler  a  S.  Exc. 
monsieur  le  marquis  de  Salisbury,  principal  secretaire  d'etat 
pour  les  affaires  etrangeres  de  S.  M.  la  reine,  1'expression  de  sa 
plus  haute  consideration. 

Signe:  Karolyi. 


SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  127 

acts  of  coercion  undertaken  with  this  latter  object,  under  the 
form  either  of  a  military  occupation  or  of  the  despatch  of  volun- 
teers. Likewise  Turkey,  constituted  by  the  treaties  guardian  of 
the  Straits,  can  neither  cede  any  portion  of  her  sovereign  rights, 
nor  delegate  her  authority  to  any  other  Power  in  Asia  Minor. 

6.  The  desire  of  the  three  Powers  to  be  associated  with  Turkey 
for  the  common  defence  of  these  principles. 

7.  In  case  of  Turkey  resisting  any  illegal  enterprises  such 
as  are  indicated  in  Article  5,  the  three  Powers  will  immediately 
come  to  an  agreement  as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  for  causing 
to  be  respected  the  independence  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  and 
the  integrity  of  its  territory,  as  secured  by  previous  treaties. 

8.  Should  the  conduct  of  the  Porte,  however,  hi  the  opinion 
of  the  three  Powers,  assume  the  character  of  complicity  with  or 
connivance  at  any  such  illegal  enterprise,  the  three  Powers  will 
consider  themselves  justified  by  existing  treaties  in  proceeding, 
either  jointly  or  separately,  to  the  provisional  occupation  by 
their  forces,  military  or  naval,  of  such  points  of  Ottoman  terri- 
tory as  they  may  agree  to  consider  it  necessary  to  occupy  in  order 
to  secure  the  objects  determined  by  previous  treaties. 

9.  The  existence  and  the  contents  of  the  present  Agreement 
between  the  three  Powers  shall  not  be  revealed,  either  to  Turkey 
or  to  any  other  Powers  who  have  not  yet  been  informed  of  it, 
without  the  previous  consent  of  all  and  each  of  the  three  Powers 
aforesaid. 

The  undersigned  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  of  His  Imperial  and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty 
has  been  instructed  by  his  Government  to  sign  the  present  Note 
and  to  exchange  it  against  a  similar  Note  of  the  Government  of 
Her  Britannic  Majesty. 

The  undersigned  takes  this  occasion  to  renew  to  His  Excellency 
the  Marquess  of  Salisbury,  Principal  Secretary  of  State  for 
Foreign  Affairs  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  the  expression  of  his 
highest  consideration. 

Signed:  Karolyi. 


128  SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 


British  reply  to  Austrian  Note.    London,  December  12,  1887? 

H.  My  s  Government  have  considered  the  points  commended 
to  their  acceptance  by  the  identic  note  of  the  Austro-Hungarian 
and  Italian  Governments. 

The  three  Powers  have  already  communicated  to  each  other 
their  conviction  that  it  is  their  common  interest  to  uphold  the 
existing  state  of  things  upon  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  and 
the  adjoining  seas.  The  four  first  points  recited  in  the  note  are 
in  strict  conformity  with  this  understanding,  as  well  as  with  the 
policy  which  has  always  been  pursued  by  the  Government  of 
Great  Britain. 

The  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  points  refer  to  certain  special 
dangers  by  which  the  state  of  things  established  by  treaties  and 
the  interests  of  the  three  Powers  in  the  East  may  be  menaced, 
and  to  the  course  which  should  be  pursued  if  those  dangers  should 
arise.  The  illegal  enterprises  anticipated  by  the  fifth  article 
would  affect  especially  the  preservation  of  the  Straits  from  the 
domination  of  any  other  Power  but  Turkey  and  the  independent 
liberties  of  the  Christian  communities  on  the  northern  border  of 
the  Turkish  Empire  established  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin.  H.  My's 
Government  recognise  that  the  protection  of  the  Straits  and  the 
liberties  of  these  communities  are  objects  of  supreme  importance 
and  are  to  Europe  among  the  most  valuable  results  of  the  treaty; 
and  they  cordially  concur  with  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  Italian 
Governments  in  taking  special  precautions  to  secure  them. 

The  eighth  point  provides  against  a  contingency  which,  with- 
out technical  illegality,  may  frustrate  the  object  of  the  treaties 
altogether.  It  is  necessary,  however,  to  avoid  a  premature  pub- 
licity which  might  precipitate  the  lapse  of  Turkey  into  that  state 
of  vassalage  from  which  it  is  the  aim  of  the  three  Powers  to  pro- 
tect her.  In  view  of  these  considerations,  the  undersigned,  H. 
My>s  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  is  charged  by  H.  My's 
Government  to  communicate  to  the  Austro-Hungarian  Govern- 

2  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden  , 
n.  21,  Geheimakten,  VIII  b,  n.  143. 


SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  129 

ment  their  entire  adhesion  to  the  nine  points  recited  in  the  identic 
note  of  the  two  powers,  that  is  to  say : 

1.  The  maintenance  of  peace  to  the  exclusion  of  all  policy  of 
aggression. 

2.  The  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  in  the  East,  based  on 
the  treaties,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  policy  of  compensation. 

3.  The  maintenance  of  the  local  autonomies  established  by 
these  same  treaties. 

4.  The  independence  of  Turkey  as  guardian  of  important 
European  interests  (the  Caliphate,  the  freedom  of  the  Straits,  etc.) 
to  be  independent  (sic)  of  all  foreign  preponderating  influence. 

5.  Consequently,  Turkey  can  neither  cede  nor  delegate  her 
rights  over  Bulgaria  to  any  other  Power,  nor  intervene  in  order 
to  establish  a  foreign  administration  there,  nor  tolerate  acts  of 
coercion  undertaken  with  this  latter  object,  under  the  form  either 
of  a  military  occupation  or  of  the  despatch  of  volunteers ;  neither 
will  Turkey,  who  has  by  the  treaties  been  constituted  guardian 
of  the  Straits,  be  able  to  cede  any  portion  of  her  sovereign  rights, 
nor  delegate  her  authority  to  any  other  power  in  Asia  Minor. 

6.  The  desire  of  the  three  Powers  to  be  associated  with  Turkey 
for  the  common  defence  of  these  principles. 

7.  In  case  of  Turkey  resisting  any  illegal  enterprises  such  as 
are  indicated  in  Article  5,  the  three  Powers  will  immediately  come 
to  an  agreement  as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  for  causing  to  be 
respected  the  independence  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  and  the  in- 
tegrity of  its  territory  as  secured  by  previous  treaties. 

8.  Should  the  conduct  of  the  Porte,  however,  in  the  opinion  of 
the  three  Powers,  assume  the  character  of  complicity  with  or 
connivance  at  any  such  illegal  enterprise,  the  three  Powers  will 
consider  themselves  justified  by  existing  treaties  in  proceeding 
either  jointly  or  separately  to  the  provisional  occupation  by  their 
forces,  military  or  naval,  of  such  points  of  Ottoman  territory  as 
they  may  agree  to  consider  it  necessary  to  occupy  in  order  to 
secure  the  objects  determined  by  previous  treaties. 


130  SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

9.  The  existence  and  the  contents  of  the  present  agreement 
between  the  three  Powers  shall  not  be  revealed  either  to  Turkey 
or  to  any  other  Powers  who  have  not  yet  been  informed  of  it  with- 
out the  previous  consent  of  all  and  each  of  the  three  Powers 
aforesaid. 

Foreign  Office.    December  12,  1887. 

Salisbury. 

to 

Italian  confirmation  of  the  Agreement.3 

A  la  suite  de  1'entente  etablie  entre  les  gouvernements  de  S.  M. 
le  roi  d'ltalie  et  de  LL.  MM.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Hon- 
grie  et  la  reine  du  royaume  uni  de  la  Grande  Bretagne  et  d'Irlande, 
par  1'echange  de  notes  opere  a  Londres  le  mois  de  mars  1887,  le 
gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  est  tombe  d'accord  avec  les 
gouvernements  d'Autriche-Hongrie  et  de  la  Grande  Bretagne  sur 
1'adoption  des  points  suivants,  destines  a  confirmer  les  principes 
etablis  par  1'echange  de  notes  precite,  et  a  preciser  1'attitude  com- 
mune des  trois  puissances  en  prevision  des  eventualites  qui 
pourraient  se  produire  en  Orient. 

i°  Maintien  de  la  paix  et  exclusion  de  toute  politique  agres- 
sive. 

2°  Maintien  du  status  quo  en  Orient  fonde  sur  les  traites  a 
1'exclusion  de  toute  politique  de  compensation. 

3°  Maintien  des  autonomies  locales  etablies  par  ces  memes 
traites. 

4°  Independance  de  la  Turquie  gardienne  d'interets  euro- 
peens  importants  (independance  du  califat,  liberte  des  detroits 
etc.)  de  toute  influence  etrangere  preponderante. 

5°  Par  consequent  la  Turquie  ne  peut  ni  ceder  ni  deleguer  des 
droits  suzerains  sur  la  Bulgarie  a  une  autre  puissance,  ni  inter- 
venir  pour  y  etablir  une  administration  etrangere,  ni  tolerer  des 
actes  de  coercition  entrepris  dans  ce  dernier  but,  sous  forme  soit 
d'occupation  militaire  soit  d'envoi  de  volontaires.  De  meme  la 

8  Original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  21,  Geheim- 
akten,  VIII  b,  n.  145. 


SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  13 1 


to 

Italian  confirmation  of  the  Agreement. 

As  a  result  of  the  understanding  reached  between  the  Govern- 
ments of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  and  of  Their  Majesties 
the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  Queen  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  by  the  exchange  of 
Notes  effected  at  London  in  the  month  of  March,  1887,  the  Gov- 
ernment of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  has  come  to  an  agree- 
ment with  the  Governments  of  Austria-Hungary  and  Great 
Britain  as  to  the  adoption  of  the  following  points,  intended  to 
confirm  the  principles  established  by  the  aforementioned  ex- 
change of  Notes,  and  to  define  the  common  attitude  of  the  three 
Powers  in  prospect  of  the  eventualities  which  might  occur  in  the 
Orient. 

1 .  The  maintenance  of  peace  and  the  exclusion  of  all  policy  of 
aggression. 

2.  The  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  in  the  Orient,  based  on 
the  treaties,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  policy  of  compensation. 

3.  The  maintenance  of  the  local  autonomies  established  by 
these  same  treaties. 

4.  The  independence  of  Turkey,  as  guardian  of  important 
European  interests  (independence  of  the  Caliphate,  the  freedom 
of  the  Straits,  etc.),  of  all  foreign  preponderating  influence. 

5 .  Consequently,  Turkey  can  neither  cede  nor  delegate  suzerain 
rights  over  Bulgaria  to  any  other  Power,  nor  intervene  in  order 
to  establish  a  foreign  administration  there,  nor  tolerate  acts  of 
coercion  undertaken  with  this  latter  object,  under  the  form 
either  of  a  military  occupation  or  of  the  despatch  of  volunteers. 


132     SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT 

Turquie,  constitute  par  les  traites  gardienne  des  detroits,  ne 
pourrait  non  plus  ceder  aucune  portion  de  ses  droits  souverains, 
ni  deleguer  ses  pouvoirs  a  une  autre  puissance  en  Asie  Mineure. 

6°  Desir  des  trois  puissances  de  s'associer  la  Turquie  pour  la 
defense  commune  de  ces  principes. 

7°  En  cas  de  resistance  de  la  Turquie  a  des  entreprises  illegales 
telles  qu'elles  se  trouvent  indiquees  dans  1'article  5,  les  trois  puis- 
sances se  mettront  aussitot  d'accord  sur  les  mesures  a  prendre 
pour  faire  respecter  1'independance  de  Pempire  ottoman  et 
1'integrite  de  son  territoire,  telles  qu'elles  sont  consacrees  par  les 
traites  anterieurs. 

8°  Si  cependant  la  conduite  de  la  Porte,  de  1'avis  des  trois 
puissances,  prenait  le  caractere  de  complicite  ou  de  connivence 
avec  une  pareille  entreprise  illegale,  les  trois  puissances  se  con- 
sidereront  comme  justifiees  par  les  traites  existants  a  proceder, 
soit  conjointement  soit  separement,  a  1'occupation  provisoire  par 
leurs  forces  de  terre  ou  de  mer  de  tels  points  du  territoire  otto- 
man qu'elles  reconnaitront  d'accord  necessaire  d'occuper  a  1'effet 
d'assurer  les  buts  determines  par  les  traites  anterieurs. 

9°  L 'existence  et  le  contenu  du  present  accord  entre  les  trois 
puissances  ne  devront  etre  reveles  a  la  Turquie  ni  a  d'autres  puis- 
sances qui  n'en  auraient  pas  deja  ete  informees  sans  le  consente- 
ment  anterieur  de  toutes  et  de  chacune  des  trois  puissances 
susdites. 

Le  soussigne  ambassadeur  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  a  ete  charge 
par  son  gouvernement  de  signer  la  presente  note  et  de  1'echanger 
centre  une  note  identique  du  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Autriche,  roi  de  Hongrie. 

Vienne,  le  16  decembre  1887. 

Nigra. 


SECOND  MEDITERRANEAN  AGREEMENT  133 

Likewise  Turkey,  constituted  by  the  treaties  guardian  of  the 
Straits,  can  neither  cede  any  portion  of  her  sovereign  rights,  nor 
delegate  her  authority  to  any  other  Power  in  Asia  Minor. 

6.  The  desire  of  the  three  Powers  to  be  associated  with  Turkey 
for  the  common  defence  of  these  principles. 

7.  In  case  of  Turkey  resisting  any  illegal  enterprises  such 
as  are  indicated  in  Article  5,  the  three  Powers  will  immedi- 
ately come  to  an  agreement  as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  for 
causing  to  be  respected  the  independence  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire and  the  integrity  of  its  territory  as  secured  by  previous 
treaties. 

8.  Should  the  conduct  of  the  Porte,  however,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  three  Powers,  assume  the  character  of  complicity  with  or 
connivance  at  any  such  illegal  enterprise,  the  three  Powers  will 
consider  themselves  justified  by  existing  treaties  in  proceeding, 
either  jointly  or  separately,  to  the  provisional  occupation  by  their 
forces,  military  or  naval,  of  such  points  of  Ottoman  territory  as 
they  may  agree  to  consider  it  necessary  to  occupy  in  order  to 
secure  the  objects  determined  by  previous  treaties. 

9.  The  existence  and  the  contents  of  the  present  Agreement 
between  the  three  Powers  shall  not  be  revealed,  either  to  Turkey 
or  to  any  other  Powers  who  have  not  yet  been  informed  of  it, 
without  the  previous  consent  of  all  and  each  of  the  three  Powers 
aforesaid. 

The  undersigned  Ambassador  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Italy  has  been  instructed  to  sign  the  present  Note  and  to  ex- 
change it  against  an  identic  Note  of  the  Government  of  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary. 

Vienna,  December  16,  1887. 

Nigra. 


134       PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY 


PROLONGATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN 
TREATY. 


(a) 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Serbia  prolonging  the  Treaty 
of  1 88 1.    Belgrade,  January  28 /February  p,  1889} 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie,  et 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Serbie, 

animes  du  desir,  non  seulement  de  maintenir,  mais  de  develop- 
per  et  de  consolider  les  relations  de  parfaite  amitie  qui  exi- 
stent entre  leurs  gouvernements  et  de  les  garantir  centre  toute 
eventualite,  ont  resolu  de  prolonger  le  traite  conclu  entre  eux  le 
23  juin  1 88 1  et  de  preciser  la  portee  de  quelques  uns  de  ses  articles. 
A  cet  effet,  ils  ont  nomme  pour  leurs  plenipotentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  I,  et  R.  A. :  le  sieur  Ladislas  Hengelmiiller  de  Hengervar, 
son  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M. 
le  roi  de  Serbie,  etc. 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Serbie:  le  sieur  Chedomille  Mijatovich,  son 
ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres  etc.  etc. 

lesquels,  apres  s'etre  communique  leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves 
en  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  additionnels 
suivants : 

ARTICLE  i. 

Le  traite  du  23  juin  1881  avec  la  declaration  y  annexee  restera 
en  vigueur  jusqu'au  1/13  Janvier  1895.  Trois  mois  avant  son 
expiration  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  concerteront,  s'il  y 
a  lieu,  sur  sa  prolongation  ou  sur  les  modifications  que  les  cir- 
constances  pourraient  rendre  desirables. 

Par  Particle  present  les  dispositions  de  1'article  VIII  du  traite 
du  23  juin  1 88 1  sont  abolies. 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  23,  Geheimakten,  VI/II,  41. 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY       135 
13- 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  AUSTRO-SERBIAN 
TREATY.     1889. 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Serbia  prolonging  the  Treaty 
of  1  88  1.    Belgrade,  January  28  /February  9,  1889. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Serbia, 

animated  by  the  desire,  not  only  to  maintain,  but  to  develop 
and  to  consolidate  the  relations  of  perfect  friendship  which  exist 
between  Their  Governments  and  to  guarantee  them  against 
every  eventuality,  have  resolved  to  prolong  the  Treaty  concluded 
between  them  on  June  23,  1881,  and  to  define  the  meaning  of 
some  of  its  Articles.  For  this  purpose,  They  have  appointed  as 
Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Imperial  and  Royal  Apostolic  Majesty:  the  Sieur  Ladislas 
Hengelmuller  of  Hengervar,  His  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Min- 
ister Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Serbia,  etc., 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Serbia:  the  Sieur  Chedomille  Mijato- 
vich,  His  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  etc.,  etc., 

who,  after  having  communicated  to  each  other  their  full  pow- 
ers, found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following 
Additional  Articles: 

ARTICLE  i. 

The  Treaty  of  June  23,  1881,  with  the  Declaration  annexed 
thereto,  shall  remain  in  force  until  January  1/13,  1895.  Three 
months  before  its  expiration  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall, 
if  there  is  cause  therefor,  take  counsel  together  as  to  its  prolonga- 
tion or  as  to  the  modifications  which  circumstances  might  render 
desirable. 

By  the  present  Article  the  provisions  of  Article  VIII  of  the 
Treaty  of  June  23,  1881,  are  abolished. 


136       PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY 

ARTICLE  2. 

En  vue  de  mieux  preciser  la  portee  de  1'article  II  du  traite  du 
23  juin  1 88 1,  par  lequel  les  deux  hautes  parties  contractantes 
s'engagent  reciproquement  a  ne  point  tolerer  chez  eux  de  menees 
politiques,  religieuses  ou  autres  dirigees  centre  Fun  d'eux,  et  par 
lequel  1'Autriche-Hongrie  prend  1'engagement  d'appuyer  le  main- 
tien  et  le  raffermissement  de  la  dynastic  des  Obrenovitch,  le  gou- 
vernement  I.  declare  qu'il  prendra,  le  cas  echeant,  toutes  les 
mesures  pour  empecher  par  tous  les  moyens,  et  meme  de  main 
armee,  toute  incursion  hostile  qui  serait  dirigee  du  Montenegro 
centre  la  Serbie  et  sa  dynastic  royale  par  le  territoire  place  sous 
1'administration  des  autorites  I.  et  R. 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  emploiera  en  outre,  s'il  y  a  lieu,  ses  bons- 
offices  aupres  de  la  Sublime  Porte,  afm  que  les  autorites  otto- 
manes  observent  sur  leur  territoire  une  attitude  analogue  a  Tegard 
d'incursions  montenegrines  dirigees  centre  la  Serbie  et  la  dynastie 
des  Obrenovitch. 

ARTICLE  3. 

Les  previsions  de  1'article  VI  du  traite  du  23  juin  1881  ne 
pourront  etre  mises  en  vigueur  qu'en  conformite  aux  dispositions 
de  la  constitution  du  royaume  de  Serbie  en  date  du  22  decembre 
1888/3  Janvier  1889  (article  52  et  200). 

ARTICLE  4. 

Si  les  circonstances  prevues  par  1'article  VII  du  traite  du  23 
juin  1 88 1  venaient  a  se  produire  tant  que  ce  traite  reste  en 
vigueur  et  que  la  Serbie  en  ait  fidelement  observe  les  stipulations, 
il  est  entendu  que  1'Autriche-Hongrie  reconnaitra  et  appuiera 
aupres  des  autres  puissances  la  reconnaissance  de  1'extension 
territoriale  en  faveur  du  royaume  de  Serbie,  prevue  par  1'article 
VII  ci-dessus  cite,  laquelle  extension  pourra  se  porter  dans  la 
direction  de  la  vallee  du  Wardar  aussi  loin  que  les  circonstances 
le  permettront. 

ARTICLE  5. 

Pour  repondre  a  un  desir  exprime  par  S.  M.  le  roi  Milan  I  et 
en  conformite  avec  1'esprit  de  parfaite  amitie  dans  lequel  le  traite 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY       137 

ARTICLE  2. 

With  a  view  to  better  defining  the  meaning  of  Article  II  of  the 
Treaty  of  June  23,  1881,  by  which  the  two  High  Contracting 
Parties  reciprocally  engage  not  to  tolerate  in  their  countries  polit- 
ical, religious,  or  other  intrigues  directed  against  either  of  them, 
and  by  which  Austria-Hungary  assumes  the  engagement  to  sup- 
port the  maintenance  and  the  strengthening  of  the  Obrenovitch 
dynasty,  the  Imperial  Government  declares  that,  should  the  oc- 
casion arise,  it  will  take  all  measures  to  prevent  by  every  means, 
and  even  by  armed  force,  every  hostile  incursion  which  might  be 
directed  from  Montenegro  against  Serbia  and  her  royal  dynasty 
through  the  territory  placed  under  the  administration  of  the 
Imperial  and  Royal  authorities. 

Austria-Hungary  will  also,  if  need  be,  exercise  her  good  offices 
with  the  Sublime  Porte,  to  the  end  that  the  Ottoman  authori- 
ties observe  on  their  territory  an  analogous  attitude  with  regard 
to  Montenegrin  incursions  directed  against  Serbia  and  the 
dynasty  of  Obrenovitch. 

ARTICLE  3. 

The  contingencies  of  Article  VI  of  the  Treaty  of  June  23,  1881, 
shall  not  be  put  in  force  except  in  conformity  with  the  provisions 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  Kingdom  of  Serbia  dated  December 
22,  i888/January  3,  1889  (Articles  52  and  200). 

ARTICLE  4. 

If  the  circumstances  foreseen  by  Article  VII  of  the  Treaty  of 
June  23,  1 88 1,  should  chance  to  occur  while  this  Treaty  remains 
in  force  and  while  Serbia  has  faithfully  observed  its  stipulations, 
it  is  understood  that  Austria-Hungary  will  recognize,  and  sup- 
port with  other  Powers,  the  recognition  in  favor  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Serbia  of  the  territorial  extension  foreseen  by  Article  VII  above- 
mentioned,  which  extension  may  be  carried  in  the  direction  of 
the  valley  of  the  Vardar  as  far  as  the  circumstances  will  permit. 

ARTICLE  5. 

In  order  to  respond  to  a  desire  expressed  by  His  Majesty 
King  Milan  I  and  in  conformity  with  the  spirit  of  perfect  friend- 


138       PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY 

du  23  juin  1  88  1  et  1'acte  additionnel  present  ont  ete  conclus,  le 
gouvernement  I.  et  R.  declare  vouloir  aider,  autant  que  possible, 
a  la  consolidation  de  1'etat  economique  et  financier  du  royaume  de 
Serbie  et  s'engage,  a  cet  effet,  a  entrer  en  negotiations  avec  le 
gouvernement  Serbe,  des  que  la  demande  lui  en  aura  ete  faite,  sur 
certaines  modifications  du  traite  de  commerce  en  vigueur  entre 
1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Serbie  ayant  trait  aux  droits  et  impots 
sur  les  objets  de  consommation. 

ARTICLE  6. 

Le  present  acte  additionnel  que  les  hautes  parties  s'engagent 
egalement  a  tenir  secret,  fera  partie  integrante  du  traite  du  23 
juin  1  88  1  ;  il  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  en  seront  echangees  a 
Belgrade  dans  un  delai  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

En  foi  de  quoi,  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et 
Pont  revetu  du  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Belgrade,  en  double  expedition,  le  9  fevrier/28  Janvier 
de  Tan  1889. 

L.  S.     v.  Hengelmiiller.  L.  S.       Ch.  Mijatovich. 


Declaration  of  the  Serbian  Regents  recognizing  the  Treaties  of  1881 
and  1889.    Belgrade,  March  7//p,  1889? 

A  S.  Exc.  Mr.  Hengelmiiller,  envoye  extraordinaire  et  minis  tre 
ple"nipotentiaire  d'Autriche-Hongrie  a  Belgrade. 

Tres  confidentielle.  Belgrade  ce  7/19  mars  1889. 

Monsieur  1'envoye, 

Nous  avons  rec,u  la  note  que  V.  E.,  d'ordre  de  son  gouverne- 
ment, nous  a  fait  1'honneur  de  nous  adresser  pour  appeler  notre 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Budapest,  February  15, 
1889  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  VT/II,  36)  ;  of  King  Milan,  Belgrade, 
February  5/17,  1889  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen)  ; 
Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Belgrade,  February  5/17,  1889  (original:  St. 
A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  VI/II,  41). 

The  date  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  ratification  is  not  given  in  the  draft  docu- 
ment. It  appears,  however,  from  the  Instruction  to  Belgrade  of  February  15,  1889 


PROLONGATION  OF  AU9TRO-SERBIAN  TREATY       139 

ship  in  which  the  Treaty  of  June  23,  1881,  and  the  present 
Additional  Act  have  been  concluded,  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Government  declares  its  willingness  to  aid,  so  far  as  possible,  in 
the  consolidation  of  the  economic  and  financial  condition  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Serbia,  and  engages,  with  that  in  view,  as  soon  as 
the  request  shall  have  been  made  to  it,  to  enter  into  negotiations 
with  the  Serbian  Government  hi  regard  to  certain  modifications 
of  the  Treaty  of  Commerce  in  force  between  Austria-Hungary 
and  Serbia  relative  to  duties  and  imposts  on  foodstuffs. 

ARTICLE  6. 

The  present  Additional  Act,  which  the  High  Parties  equally 
engage  to  keep  secret,  shall  form  an  integral  part  of  the  Treaty 
of  June  23,  1881;  it  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  shall 
be  exchanged  at  Belgrade  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner 
if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
it  and  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Belgrade,  in  duplicate,  February  9/January  28  of  the 
year  1889. 

L.  S.       v.  Hengelmiiller.  L.  S.         Ch.  Mijatovich. 

(b) 

Declaration  of  the  Serbian  Regents  recognizing  the  Treaties  of  1881 
and  1889.    Belgrade,  March  7/19,  1889. 

To  His  Excellency  Mr.  Hengelmiiller,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  Austria-Hungary 

at  Belgrade. 
Very  Confidential.  Belgrade,  March  7/19,  1889. 

Mr.  Minister, 

We  have  received  the  Note  which  Your  Excellency,  by  order 
of  your  Government,  has  done  us  the  honor  to  address  to  us  in 

(St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  VI/II,  38)  that  the  ratification  was  signed  on 
February  15. 

This  Treaty  expired  on  January  13,  1895  (Instruction  to  Belgrade,  February  22, 
1896,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIII,  3.) 

J  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  VI/II,  49. 


140       PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY 

attention  sur  le  traite  secret  conclu  entre  la  Serbie  et  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  le  28  juin  1881  et  1'acte  additionnel  en  faisant  partie  en 
date  du  9  fevrier  de  Fannee  courante. 

Bien  que  le  gouvernement  imperial  et  royal  ne  doute  point  de 
la  fidelite  avec  laquelle  la  regence  royale  remplira  les  obligations 
Internationales  de  la  Serbie  contractees  en  bonne  et  due  forme 
sous  le  regne  precedent,  ni  des  soins  qu'elle  mettra  a  veiller  a  leur 
scrupuleuse  observation,  il  desire  neanmoins,  vu  la  haute  import- 
ance des  actes  susmentionnes,  obtenir  des  informations  officielles 
et  explicites  sur  le  point  de  vue  auquel  la  regence  royale  compte  se 
placer  a  leur  egard. 

Ayant  pris  connaissance  des  traites  susmentionnes  et  examine 
avec  soin  leur  contenu,  nous  nous  empressons  d'informer  V.  E. 
que  nous  les  avons  trouves  conclus  en  bonne  et  due  forme  et  en 
pleine  et  entiere  conformite  avec  les  droits  souveraines  accordes 
au  roi  de  Serbie  par  1'ancienne  constitution  de  1869  et  la  nouvelle 
constitution  du  royaume  promulguee  le  22  decembre  1888. 

La  valeur  legale  du  traite  secret  du  28  juin  1881  ainsi  que  de 
son  acte  additionnel  du  9  fevrier  de  1'annee  courante  ne  pouvant, 
par  consequent,  etre  contestee  un  seul  instant,  nous  n'hesitons 
pas  a  vous  declarer,  Monsieur  1'envoye,  que  la  regence  royale  n'a 
aucun  scrupule  de  se  placer  au  point  de  vue  de  la  stricte  et  fidele 
observation  de  ces  stipulations  internationales. 

Cette  tache  nous  sera  d'autant  plus  facile  que  nous  memes  nous 
attachons  le  plus  grand  prix  a  chercher  tous  les  moyens  propres  a 
assurer  le  developpement  des  bonnes  et  cordiales  relations  qui 
existent  si  heureusement  entre  la  Serbie  et  la  puissante  monarchic 
voisine. 

Nous  aimons  a  esperer  que  V.  E.  voudra  bien  nous  accorder 
son  appui  bienveillant  pour  atteindre  ce  but  et  nous  vous  prions, 
Mr.  1'envoye,  d'agreer  les  assurances  de  notre  plus  haute  consi- 
deration. 

Les  regents  du  royaume : 

Dr.  J.  Ristitch. 
General  K.  S.  Protitch. 
General  Belimarkowic. 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-SERBIAN  TREATY       141 

order  to  call  our  attention  to  the  secret  Treaty  concluded  between 
Serbia  and  Austria-Hungary  June  28  (sic),  1881,  and  the  Addi- 
tional Act  constituting  a  part  thereof  dated  February  9  of  the 
current  year. 

Although  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Government  does  not  doubt 
the  fidelity  with  which  the  Royal  Regency  will  fulfil  the  inter- 
national obligations  of  Serbia  contracted  in  good  and  due  form 
under  the  preceding  reign,  or  the  care  that  it  will  take  to  see  to 
their  scrupulous  observance,  it  desires  nevertheless,  in  view  of 
the  high  importance  of  the  abovementioned  Acts,  to  obtain 
official  and  explicit  information  as  to  the  point  of  view  which  the 
Royal  Regency  intends  to  adopt  with  regard  to  them. 

Having  taken  cognizance  of  the  abovementioned  Treaties  and 
examined  their  contents  with  care,  we  hasten  to  inform  Your 
Excellency  that  we  have  found  them  concluded  in  good  and  due 
form  and  in  full  and  entire  conformity  with  the  sovereign  rights 
granted  to  the  King  of  Serbia  by  the  old  Constitution  of  1869 
and  the  new  Constitution  of  the  Kingdom  promulgated  on  De- 
cember 22,  1888. 

The  legal  validity  of  the  secret  Treaty  of  June  28  (sic),  1881, 
as  well  as  of  its  Additional  Act  of  February  9  of  the  current  year 
consequently  not  being  contestable  for  a  single  instant,  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  declare  to  you,  Mr.  Minister,  that  the  Royal  Regency 
has  no  scruples  in  adopting  the  point  of  view  of  strict  and  faithful 
observance  of  these  international  stipulations. 

This  task  will  be  the  easier  for  us  since  we  ourselves  attach  the 
greatest  value  to  seeking  all  the  means  suitable  to  assure  the 
development  of  the  good  and  cordial  relations  which  so  happily 
exist  between  Serbia  and  the  powerful  neighboring  Monarchy. 

We  like  to  hope  that  Your  Excellency  will  be  good  enough  to 
lend  his  friendly  support  to  the  attainment  of  this  purpose;  and 
we  pray  you,  Mr.  Minister,  to  accept  the  assurances  of  our 
highest  consideration. 

The  Regents  of  the  Kingdom: 

Dr.  J.  Ristitch. 

General  K.  S.  Protitch. 

General  Belimarkovid. 


142    PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT 

14. 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  MEDITERRANEAN 

AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  SPAIN 

AND  ITALY.     1891. 

(«) 

Italian-Spanish  Protocol  relating  to  the  prolongation  of  the 
Agreement.    Madrid,  May  4,  iSpi.1 

PROTOCOLS. 

Le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  le  gouvernement  de 
S.  M.  la  reine  regente  d'Espagne,  animes  du  desir  de  fortifier  tou- 
jours  davantage  le  principe  monarchique  et  de  contribuer  au 
raffermissement  de  la  paix,  ont  decide  de  renouveler  1'accord 
secret  de  1887  et  dans  les  memes  termes  qui  avaient  ete  stipules 
entre  les  deux  gouvernements  par  1'echange  de  notes  du  4  mai 
de  la  dite  annee,  a  savoir: 

ARTICLE  I. 

LTtalie  et '  1'Espagne  ne  se '  preteront '  envers  la  France,  en  ce 
'qui  concerne  entre  autres  les  territoires  nord-africains,  a  aucun 
'traite  ou  arrangement  politique  quelconque  qui  serait  directe- 
'ment  ou  indirectement  dirige  centre  1'Italie,'  1'Espagne,  'PAlle- 
'magne  et  PAutriche-Hongrie,  ou  centre  1'une  ou  Fautre  de  ces 
'puissances. 

ARTICLE  II. 

'Abstention  de  toute  attaque  non  provoquee,  ainsi  que  de 
'  toute  provocation. 

ARTICLE  III. 

'En  vue  des  interets  engages  dans  la  Mediterranee,  et  dans  le 
'but  principal  d'y  maintenir  le  statu  quo  actuel,  ITtalie  et  PEs- 

1  Certified  copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsur- 
kunden,  n.  24,  Geheimakten,  XVI  b,  n.  61. 

A  further  prolongation  took  place  in  May,  1895  (Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten, 
XXVI). 


PROLONGATION  OF  1TALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT    143 

14. 

PROLONGATION  OF  THE  MEDITERRANEAN 

AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  SPAIN 

AND  ITALY.     1891. 

(a) 

Italian-Spanish  Protocol  relating  to  the  prolongation  of  the 
Agreement.     Madrid,  May  4,  1891. 

PROTOCOL. 

The  Government  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  and  the 
Government  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Regent  of  Spain,  ani- 
mated by  the  desire  to  fortify  the  monarchical  principle  ever 
further  and  to  contribute  to  the  strengthening  of  peace,  have, 
decided  to  renew  the  secret  Agreement  of  1887  and  in  the  same 
terms  which  were  drawn  up  between  the  two  Governments  by 
the  exchange  of  Notes  of  May  4  of  the  said  year,  to  wit: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Italy  and  Spain  will  not  lend  themselves  as  regards  France, 
in  so  far  as  the  North  African  territories  among  others  are  con- 
cerned, to  any  treaty  or  political  arrangement  whatsoever  which 
should  be  aimed  directly  or  indirectly  against  Italy,  Spain,  Ger- 
many, and  Austria-Hungary,  or  against  any  one  of  these  Powers. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Abstention  from  all  unprovoked  attack,  as  well  as  from  all 
provocation. 

ARTICLE  HI. 

In  view  of  the  interests  involved  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  for 
the  principal  purpose  of  maintaining  there  the  present  status  quo, 
Italy  and  Spain  will  keep  in  communication  with  one  another  on 
this  subject,  by  conveying  to  one  another  all  information  of  a 


144    PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT 

'pagne  se  tiendront  sur  ce  sujet  en  communication,  en  se  faisant 
'part  de  tout  renseignement  propre  a  s'eclairer  sur  leurs  disposi- 
'  tions  respectives,  ainsi  que  sur  celles  des  autres  puissances. 

Les  dispositions  qui  precedent,  lesquelles  constituent  la  repro- 
duction de  Faccord  de  1887,  entrent  nouvellement  en  vigueur  a 
partir  d'aujourd'hui  pour  une  duree  de  quatre  ans,  et  continue- 
ront  a  etre  tenues  secretes. 

Le  gouvernement  Italien  s'engage  comme  en  1887  a  presenter 
les  clauses  susenoncees  a  1'adhesion  des  gouvernements  de  S.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  et  de  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Autriche,  roi  de  Hongrie. 

En  foi  de  quoi  leurs  excellences  le  marquis  Maffei,  ambassadeur 
extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie,  et  le 
due  de  Tetuan,  ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres  d'Espagne,  du- 
ment  autorises,  ont  signe  ce  protocole  en  double  original. 

Fait  a  Madrid  le  quatre  mai  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-onze. 

(Signe)  Maffei.  (Signe)  Le  due  de  Tetuan. 

Pour  copie  conforme  a  I'original: 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

Madrid  4  mai  1891. 


Spanish  Note  to  Italy  regarding  Morocco.    May  4, 
Regia  ambasciata  d'ltalia. 

Copie  de  la  note  adressee  par  S.  E.  le  due  de  Tetuan,  ministre  des 
affaires  etrangeres  d'Espagne  a  S.  E.  le  marquis  Maffei,  ambas- 
sadeur d'ltalie. 

Madrid,  le  4  mai  1891. 

Monsieur  1'ambassadeur:  Me  referant  a  1'accord  secret  que 
j'ai  eu  1'honneur  de  signer  aujourd'hui  avec  V.  E.  au  nom  de  nos 
gouvernements  respectifs,  je  crois  mon  devoir  de  formuler  au 
sujet  de  la  clause  3  dudit  accord,  la  reserve  suivante  pour  ce  qui 
concerne  le  Maroc:  Le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  la  reine  regente 

2  Certified  copy:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsur- 
kunden,  n.  24,  Geheimakten,  XVT  b,  n.  61. 


PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT    145 

kind  to  enlighten  each  other  concerning  their  respective  disposi- 
tions, as  well  as  those  of  other  Powers. 

The  preceding  provisions,  which  are  the  reproduction  of  the 
Agreement  of  1887,  enter  into  force  anew,  dating  from  today, 
for  a  period  of  four  years,  and  shall  continue  to  be  kept  secret. 

The  Italian  Government  engages  as  in  1887  to  present  the 
above  stated  clauses  for  the  adhesion  of  the  Governments  of  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  and  of  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary. 

In  witness  whereof  Their  Excellencies  the  Marquis  Maffei, 
Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  of  His  Majesty 
the  King  of  Italy,  and  the  Duke  of  Tetuan,  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs  of  Spain,  duly  authorized,  have  signed  this  Protocol  in 
duplicate  originals. 

Done  at  Madrid,  the  fourth  of  May,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  ninety-one. 

(Signed)  Maffei.  (Signed)  The  Duke  of  Tetuan. 

For  copy  true  to  the  original: 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

Madrid,  May  4,  1891. 


Spanish  Note  to  Italy  regarding  Morocco.    May  4,  1891. 

Royal  Embassy  of  Italy. 

Copy  of  the  Note  addressed  by  His  Excellency  the  Duke  of 

Tetuan,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Spain,  to  His  Excellency 

the  Marquis  Maffei,  Ambassador  of  Italy. 

Madrid,  May  4,  1891. 

Mr.  Ambassador:  Referring  to  the  secret  Agreement  which  I 
have  today  had  the  honor  of  signing  with  Your  Excellency  in  the 
name  of  our  respective  Governments,  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  formu- 
late the  following  reserve  on  the  subject  matter  of  clause  3  of  the 
said  Agreement  so  far  as  it  concerns  Morocco  :  The  Government 


146    PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT 

declare  que  le  statu  quo  a  la  conservation  duquel  vise  1'accord 
doit  ^tre  considere  non  seulement  en  relation  avec  1'etat  de  fait 
existant  au  Maroc,  mais  aussi  en  relation  avec  1'etat  des  droits 
de  1'Espagne  d'apres  le  traite  de  Wad  Ras  et  sans  que  cela  affai- 
blisse  sa  liberte  d'action  pour  maintenir  la  surete  de  la  ligne  de 
frontiere  des  possessions  espagnoles  sur  le  territoire  du  Maroc. 
En  portant  ce  qui  precede  a  la  connaissance  de  V.  E.,  je  la  prie 
de  vouloir  bien  m'en  dormer  acte  au  nom  de  son  gouvernement  et 
d'en  faire  egalement  notification  a  leurs  excellences  les  ambassa- 
deurs  d'Allemagne  et  d'Autriche-Hongrie  en  les  invitant  a  en 
prendre  acte  au  nom  de  leurs  gouvernements  respectifs.  Veuillez 
agreer  1'assurance  de  ma  haute  consideration.  (Signe)  Due  de 
Tetuan. 

A  S.  E.  le  marquis  Maffei,  ambassadeur  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie. 
Pour  copie  conforme  a  1  'original: 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

Madrid  4  mai  1891. 


Accession  of  Austria-Hungary  to  the  Protocol  and  Note.3 
Madrid,  May  4, 


Madrid,  le  4  mai  1891. 

Par  sa  note  d'aujourd'hui  S.  E.  1'ambassadeur  de  S.  M.  le  roi 
d'ltalie  a  bien  voulu  envoyer  au  soussigne  copie  certifiee  conforme 
du  protocole  quelle  a  signe  ce  matin  avec  S.  E.  Mr.  le  due  de 
Tetuan,  ministre  d'etat,  pour  le  renouvellement  de  1'accord  secret 
du  4  mai  1887,  ainsi  que  la  copie  certifiee  conforme  des  notes 
relatives  aux  reserves  formulees  par  le  gouvernement  espagnol 
au  sujet  du  Maroc. 

3  Copy:   St.  A.,  ibid. 

This  Declaration  of  Accession  bears  in  lead  pencil  the  notation:  "Comte 
Dubsky  a  1'ambassadeur  d'ltalie  a  Madrid,  Maffei."  The  Declaration  of  Acces- 
sion of  the  German  Empire  is  not  available,  but  according  to  a  note  of  the  Duke  of 


PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT     147 

of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Regent  declares  that  the  status  quo  to 
the  preservation  of  which  the  Agreement  looks  must  be  consid- 
ered not  only  in  relation  to  the  de  facto  situation  existing  in 
Morocco,  but  also  in  relation  to  the  de  jure  situation  of  Spain 
according  to  the  Treaty  of  Wad  Ras  and  without  impairing  her 
freedom  of  action  for  maintaining  the  security  of  the  frontier  line 
of  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  territory  of  Morocco.  In  bring- 
ing the  preceding  to  the  knowledge  of  Your  Excellency,  I  beg  you 
to  be  kind  enough  to  acknowledge  receipt  thereof  in  the  name  of 
your  Government  and  to  give  notice  of  it  as  well  to  Their  Excel- 
lencies the  Ambassadors  of  Germany  and  of  Austria-Hungary, 
inviting  them  to  take  note  thereof  in  the  name  of  their  respective 
Governments.  Pray  accept  the  assurance  of  my  high  considera- 
tion. (Signed)  The  Duke  of  Tetuan. 

To  His  Excellency  Marquis  Maffei,  Ambassador  of  His 
Majesty  the  King  of  Italy. 

For  copy  true  to  the  original: 

L.  S.  Maffei. 

Madrid,  May  4,  1891. 

w 

Accession  of  Austria-Hungary  to  the  Protocol  and  Note. 
Madrid,  May  4,  1891. 

Madrid,  May  4,  1891. 

By  his  Note  of  today  His  Excellency  the  Ambassador  of  His 
Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  has  been  good  enough  to  send  to  the 
undersigned  a  certified  true  copy  of  the  Protocol  which  he  signed 
this  morning  with  His  Excellency  the  Duke  of  Tetuan,  Minister 
of  State,  for  the  renewal  of  the  secret  Agreement  of  May  4,  1887, 
as  well  as  the  certified  true  copy  of  the  Notes  relative  to  the  re- 
serves formulated  by  the  Spanish  Government  on  the  subject 
of  Morocco. 

Tetuan  of  May  5,  1891  (Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XVI,  58)  it  was  likewise  pre- 
sented on  May  4. 


148    PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPANISH  AGREEMENT 

Le  soussigne  s'empresse  d'ordre  de  son  gouvernement  de 
notifier  1'accession  de  ce  dernier  au  dit  protocole  et  aux  notes 
echangees  a  Madrid  aujourd'hui  4  ct.  entre  le  representant  de 
S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  S.  E.  le  ministre  d'etat  de  S.  M.  la  reine 
regente. 

Le  soussigne  profite  de  cette  occasion  pour  reiterer  a  S.  E.  Mr. 
le  marquis  Maffei  1'assurance  de  sa  haute  consideration. 

L'ambassadeur  d'Autriche-Hongrie. 

(Signe)  Dubsky. 


PROLONGATION  OF  ITALO-SPAN1SH  AGREEMENT    149 

The  undersigned  hastens,  by  order  of  his  Government,  to  an- 
nounce the  accession  of  the  latter  to  the  said  Protocol  and  to  the 
Notes  exchanged  at  Madrid  today,  the  4th  instant,  between  the 
Representative  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  and  His  Excel- 
lency the  Minister  of  State  of  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  Regent. 

The  undersigned  avails  himself  of  this  occasion  to  renew  to 
His  Excellency  the  Marquis  Maffei  the  assurance  of  his  high 
consideration. 

The  Ambassador  of  Austria-Hungary. 

(Signed)  Dubsky. 


150         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

15- 

THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1891. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire, 
and  Italy.    Berlin,  May  6,  iSpi.1 

L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi 
apostolique  de  Hongrie,  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
et  le  roi  dTtalie  fermement  resolus  d'assurer  a  leurs  etats  la  con- 
tinuation des  bienfaits  que  leur  garantit,  au  point  de  vue  politique 
aussi  bien  qu'au  point  de  vue  monarchique  et  social,  le  maintien 
de  la  Triple  Alliance,  et  voulant  dans  ce  but  prolonger  la  duree  de 
cette  alliance  conclue  le  20  mai  1882  et  renouvelee,  une  premiere 
fois  deja,  par  les  traites  du  20  fevrier  1887  dont  1'echeance  etait 
fixee  au  30  mai  1892  ont,  a  cet  effet,  nomme  comme  leurs  pleni- 
potentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique de  Hongrie:  le  sieur  Emeric  comte  Szechenyi  de  Sarvari 
Felso-Videk,  chambellan  et  conseiller  intime  actuel,  son  ambas- 
sadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur 
d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse:  le  sieur  Leon  de 
Caprivi,  general  d'infanterie,  chancelier  de  I'empire,  son  president 
du  conseil  des  ministres  de  Prusse, 

S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie:  le  sieur  Edouard  comte  de  Launay,  son 
ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'em- 
pereur d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 

'lesquels,  apres  echange  de  leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves  en 
'  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants : 

ARTICLE  I.2 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'paix  et  amitie  et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engage- 
'  ment  dirige  centre  Fun  de  leurs  etats. 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  25,  Geheimakten,  XXVIII,  26. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          151 

IS- 

THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1891. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire, 
and  Italy.    Berlin,  May  6,  1891. 

Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia, 
etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Prussia,  and  the  King  of  Italy,  firmly  resolved  to  assure 
to  Their  States  the  continuation  of  the  benefits  which  the 
maintenance  of  the  Triple  Alliance  guarantees  to  them,  from  the 
political  point  of  view  as  well  as  from  the  monarchical  and  social 
point  of  view,  and  wishing  with  this  purpose  to  prolong  the  dura- 
tion of  this  Alliance,  concluded  on  May  20,  1882,  and  already 
renewed  a  first  time  by  the  Treaties  of  February  20,  1887,  whose 
expiration  was  fixed  for  May  30,  1892,  have,  for  this  purpose, 
appointed  as  Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary:  the  Sieur  Emeric  Count  Sze- 
chenyi  of  Sarvari  Felso-Videk,  Chamberlain  and  Actual  Privy 
Councillor,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary 
to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia:  the 
Sieur  Leo  von  Caprivi,  General  of  Infantry,  Chancellor  of  the 
Empire,  His  President  of  the  Council  of  Ministers  of  Prussia, 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy:  the  Sieur  Edward  Count  de 
Launay,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 

who,  after  exchange  of  their  full  powers,  found  in  good  and 
due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I.2 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States. 

1  Articles  I-V  are  identic  with  Articles  I-V  of  the  Treaty  of  May  20,  1882. 
Cf.  p.  64. 


152         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'  Elles  s'engagent  a  proceder  a  un  echange  d'idees  sur  les  ques- 
'  tions  politiques  et  economiques  d'une  nature  generate  qui  pour- 
'  raient  se  presenter,  et  se  promettent  en  outre  leur  appui  mutuel 
'  dans  la  limite  de  leurs  propres  interets. 

ARTICLE  II. 

'Dans  le  cas  cm  1'Italie,  sans  provocation  directe  de  sa  part, 
'serait  attaquee  par  la  France  pour  quelque  motif  que  ce  soit,  les 
'deux  autres  parties  contractantes  seront  tenues  a  preter  a  la 
'partie  attaquee  secours  et  assistance  avec  toutes  leurs  forces. 

'Cette  meme  obligation  incombera  a  1'Italie  dans  le  cas  d'une 
'agression  non  directement  provoquee  de  la  France  centre  1'Alle- 
'magne. 

ARTICLE  III. 

'Si  une  ou  deux  des  hautes  parties  contractantes,  sans  provo- 
'  cation  directe  de  leur  part,  venaient  a  etre  attaquees  et  a  se 
'  trouver  engagees  dans  une  guerre  avec  deux  ou  plusieurs  grandes 
'puissances  non  signataires  du  present  traite,  le  "casus  foederis" 
'  se  presentera  simultanement  pour  toutes  les  hautes  parties  con- 
'tractantes. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

'  Dans  le  cas  ou  une  grande  puissance  non  signataire  du  present 
'  traite  menacerait  la  securite  des  etats  de  1'une  des  hautes  parties 
'contractantes,  et  la  partie  menacee  se  verrait  par  la  forcee  de 
'lui  faire  la  guerre_,  les  deux  autres  s'obligent  a  observer,  a  1'egard 
'de  leur  allie,  une  neutralite  bienveillante.  Chacune  se  reserve, 
'dans  ce  cas,  la  faculte  de  prendre  part  a  la  guerre,  si  elle  le  jugeait 
'a  propos,  pour  faire  cause  commune  avec  son  allie. 

ARTICLE  V. 

'Si  la  paix  de  Tune  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  venait  a 
'etre  menacee  dans  les  circonstances  prevues  par  les  articles  pre- 
'cedents,  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  concerteront  en 
'  temps  utile  sur  les  mesures  militaires  a  prendre  en  vue  d'une  co- 
'  operation  eventuelle. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          153 

They  engage  to  proceed  to  an  exchange  of  ideas  on  political 
and  economic  questions  of  a  general  nature  which  may  arise,  and 
they  further  promise  one  another  mutual  support  within  the 
limits  of  their  own  interests. 

ARTICLE  II. 

In  case  Italy,  without  direct  provocation  on  her  part,  should 
be  attacked  by  France  for  any  reason  whatsoever,  the  two  other 
Contracting  Parties  shall  be  bound  to  lend  help  and  assistance 
with  all  their  forces  to  the  Party  attacked. 

This  same  obligation  shall  devolve  upon  Italy  in  case  of  any 
aggression  without  direct  provocation  by  France  against  Ger- 
many. 

ARTICLE  III. 

If  one,  or  two,  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  without  direct 
provocation  on  their  part,  should  chance  to  be  attacked  and  to 
be  engaged  in  a  war  with  two  or  more  Great  Powers  nonsigna- 
tory  to  the  present  Treaty,  the  casus  foederis  will  arise  simul- 
taneously for  all  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

In  case  a  Great  Power  nonsignatory  to  the  present  Treaty 
should  threaten  the  security  of  the  states  of  one  of  the  High 
Contracting  Parties,  and  the  threatened  Party  should  find  itself 
forced  on  that  account  to  make  war  against  it,  the  two  others 
bind  themselves  to  observe  towards  their  Ally  a  benevolent 
neutrality.  Each  of  them  reserves  to  itself,  in  this  case,  the  right 
to  take  part  in  the  war,  if  it  should  see  fit,  to  make  common 
cause  with  its  Ally. 

ARTICLE  V. 

If  the  peace  of  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should 
chance  to  be  threatened  under  the  circumstances  foreseen  by 
the  preceding  Articles,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  take 
counsel  together  in  ample  time  as  to  the  military  measures  to  be 
taken  with  a  view  to  eventual  cooperation. 


154         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'Elles  s'engagent,  des-a-present,  dans  tous  les  cas  de  participa- 
1  tion  commune  a  une  guerre,  a  ne  conclure  ni  armistice,  ni  paix, 
'ni  traite,  que  d'un  commun  accord  entre  elles. 

ARTICLE  VI.3 

L'Allemagne  et  1'Italie,  'n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  maintien, 
'autant  que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient,  s'engagent 
'a  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir,  sur  les  c6tes  et  iles  otto- 
1  manes  dans  la  mer  Adriatique  et  dans  la  mer  Egee,  toute  modifi- 
'  cation  territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  1'une  ou  a  1'autre  des 
'puissances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communique- 
'ront,  a  cet  effet,  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer 
'mutuellement  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles 
'd'autres  puissances. 

ARTICLE  VII.4 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  et  1'Italie,  'n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  main- 
'tien,  autant  que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient, 
'  s'engagent  a  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir  toute  modifica- 
tion territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  1'une  ou  a  1'autre  des 
'puissances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communique- 
'ront,  a  cet  effet,  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer 
'mutuellement  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles 
'd'autres  puissances. 

'Toutefois  dans  le  cas,  ou,  par  suite  des  evenements,  le  main- 
'  tien  du  statu  quo  dans  les  regions  des  Balcans  ou  des  cotes  et  iles 
'ottomanes  dans  1'Adriatique  et  dans  la  mer  Egee  deviendrait 
'impossible,  et  que,  soit  en  consequence  de  1'action  d'une  puis- 
'sance  tierce  soit  autrement,  1'Autriche-Hongrie  ou  1'Italie  se 
'verraient  dans  la  necessite  de  le  modifier  par  une  occupation 
'temporaire  ou  permanente  de  leur  part,  cette  occupation  n'aura 
'lieu  qu'apres  un  accord  prealable  entre  les  deux  puissances,  base 
'sur  le  principe  d'une  compensation  reciproque  pour  tout  avan- 
'tage,  territorial  ou  autre  que  chacune  d'elles  obtiendrait  en  sus 

3  Identic  with  the  first  Article  of  the  German-Italian  Separate  Treaty  of 
February  20,  1887.  Cf.  p.  no. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          155 

They  engage  henceforward,  in  all  cases  of  common  participa- 
tion in  a  war,  to  conclude  neither  armistice,  nor  peace,  nor  treaty, 
except  by  common  agreement  among  themselves. 

ARTICLE  VI.3 

Germany  and  Italy,  having  in  mind  only  the  maintenance, 
so  far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  Orient,  en- 
gage to  use  their  influence  to  forestall,  on  the  Ottoman  coasts  and 
islands  in  the  Adriatic  and  the  Aegean  Seas,  any  territorial  modi- 
fication which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the 
Powers  signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end,  they  will 
communicate  to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  en- 
lighten each  other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions, 
as  well  as  those  of  other  Powers. 

ARTICLE  VII.4 

Austria-Hungary  and  Italy,  having  in  mind  only  the  mainten- 
ance, so  far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  Orient, 
engage  to  use  their  influence  to  forestall  any  territorial  modifica- 
tion which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  Powers 
signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end,  they  shall  com- 
municate to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  enlighten 
each  other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions,  as  well  as 
those  of  other  Powers. 

However,  if,  in  the  course  of  events,  the  maintenance  of  the 
status  quo  in  the -regions  of  the  Balkans  or  of  the  Ottoman  coasts 
and  islands  in  the  Adriatic  and  in  the  Aegean  Sea  should  become 
impossible,  and  if,  whether  in  consequence  of  the  action  of  a  third 
Power  or  otherwise,  Austria-Hungary  or  Italy  should  find  them- 
selves under  the  necessity  of  modifying  it  by  a  temporary  or 
permanent  occupation  on  their  part,  this  occupation  shall  take 
place  only  after  a  previous  agreement  between  the  two  Powers, 
based  upon  the  principle  of  a  reciprocal  compensation  for  every 
advantage,  territorial  or  other,  which  each  of  them  might  obtain 

4  Identic  with  Article  I  of  the  Austro-Hungarian-Italian  Separate  Treaty  of 
February  20,  1887.  Cf.  p.  108. 


156         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'du  statu  quo  actual,  et  donnant  satisfaction  aux  interets  et  aux 
'preventions  bien  fondees  des  deux  parties. 

ARTICLE  VIII.5 

'Les  stipulations  des'  articles  VI  et  VII  'ne  s'appliqueront 
'd'aucune  maniere  a  la  question  egyptienne  au  sujet  de  laquelle 
'les  hautes  parties  contractantes  conservent  respectivement  leur 
'liberte  d'action,  eu  egard  tou jours  aux  principes  sur  lesquels 
repose  le  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

L'Allemagne  et  1'Italie  s'engagent  a  s'employer  pour  le  main- 
tien  du  statu  quo  territorial  dans  les  regions  nord-af  ricaines  sur  la 
Mediterranee  a  savoir  la  Cyrena'ique,  la  Tripolitaine  et  la  Tunisie. 
Les  representants  des  deux  puissances  dans  ces  regions  auront 
pour  instruction  de  se  tenir  dans  la  plus  etroite  intimite  de  com- 
munications et  assistance  mutuelles. 

Si  malheureusement,  en  suite  d'un  mur  examen  de  la  situation 
TAllemagne  et  1'Italie  reconnaissaient  1'une  et  Pautre  que  le 
maintien  du  statu  quo  devenait  impossible,  1'Allemagne  s'engage, 
apres  un  accord  formel  et  prealable,  a  appuyer  1'Italie  en  toute 
action  sous  la  forme  d'occupation  ou  autre  prise  de  garantie  que 
cette  derniere  devrait  entreprendre  dans  ces  memes  regions  en 
vue  d'un  interet  d'equilibre  et  de  legitime  compensation. 

II  est  entendu  que  pour  pareille  eventualite  les  deux  puissances 
chercheraient  a  se  mettre  egalement  d'accord  avec  1'Angleterre. 

ARTICLE  X.6 

'S'il  arrivait  que  la  France  fit  acte  d'etendre  son  occupation  ou 
'bien  son  protectorat  ou  sa  souverainete,  sous  une  forme  quel- 
'conque,  sur  les  territoires  nord-africains,7  et  qu'en  consequence 
'  de  ce  fait  1'Italie  crut  devoir,  pour  sauvegarder  sa  position  dans 
'la  Mediterranee,  entreprendre  elle-meme  une  action  sur  les  dits 

B  Identic  with  Article  II  of  the  German-Italian  Separate  Treaty  of  February  20, 
1887.  Cf.  p.  112.  Austria  now  accedes  to  this  provision. 

6  Identic  with  Article  III  of  the  German-Italian  Separate  Treaty  of  February 
20,  1887.  Cf.  p.  112. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          157 

beyond  the  present  status  quo,  and  giving  satisfaction  lo  the 
interests  and  well  founded  claims  of  the  two  Parties. 


ARTICLE  VIII. B 

The  stipulations  of  Articles  VI  and  VII  shall  apply  in  no  way 
to  the  Egyptian  question,  with  legard  to  which  the  High  Con- 
tracting Parties  preserve  respectively  their  freedom  of  action,  re- 
gard being  always  paid  to  the  principles  upon  which  the  present 
Treaty  rests. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

Germany  and  Italy  engage  to  exert  themselves  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  North  African  regions 
on  the  Mediterranean,  to  wit,  Cyrenaica,  Tripolitania,  and 
Tunisia.  The  Representatives  of  the  two  Powers  in  these  regions 
shall  be  instructed  to  put  themselves  into  the  closest  intimacy 
of  mutual  communication  and  assistance. 

If  unfortunately,  as  a  result  of  a  mature  examination  of  the 
situation,  Germany  and  Italy  should  both  recognize  that  the 
maintenance  of  the  status  quo  has  become  impossible,  Germany 
engages,  after  a  formal  and  previous  agreement,  to  support 
Italy  in  any  action  in  the  form  of  occupation  or  other  taking  of 
guaranty  which  the  latter  should  undertake  hi  these  same  regions 
with  a  view  to  an  interest  of  equilibrium  and  of  legitimate  com- 
pensation. 

It  is  understood  that  in  such  an  eventuality  the  two  Powers 
would  seek  to  place  themselves  likewise  in  agreement  with 
England. 

ARTICLE  X.6 

If  it  were  to  happen  that  France  should  make  a  move  to  ex- 
tend her  occupation,  or  even  her  protectorate  or  her  sovereignty, 
under  any  form  whatsoever,  in  the  North  African  territories, 
and  that  in  consequence  thereof  Italy,  in  order  to  safeguard  her 
position  in  the  Mediterranean,  should  feel  that  she  must  her 
self  undertake  action  in  the  said  North  African  territories,  or 

7  The  words  "soit  du  villayet  de  Tripoli,  soil  de  1'empire  Marocain"  of  Article 
III  of  the  German-Italian  Treaty  of  1887  are  here  omitted.  Cf.  p.  112. 


158         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'  territoires  nord-af ricains  ou  bien  recourir  sur  le  territoire  frangais 
'en  Europe  aux  mesures  extremes,  1'etat  de  guerre  qui  s'ensuivrait 
'entre  1'Italie  et  la  France  constituerait  ipso  facto,  sur  la  demande 
'de  1'Italie,  et  a  la  charge  commune '  de  1'Allemagne  et  de  1'Italie, 
'  le  casus  foederis  prevu  par  les  articles  II  et  V  du  present  traite, 
'  comme  si  pareille  eventualite  y  etait  expressement  visee. 

ARTICLE  XI.8 

'  Si  les  chances  de  toute  guerre  entreprise  en  commun  contre  la 
'  France '  par  les  deux  puissances  '  amenaient  1'Italie  a  rechercher 
'  des  garanties  territoriales  a  1'egard  de  la  France,  pour  la  securite 
'des  frontieres  du  royaume  et  de  sa  position  maritime,  ainsi  qu'en 
'vue  de  la  stabilite  de  la  paix,  FAllemagne  n'y  mettra  aucun 
'obstacle,  et  au  besoin,  et  dans  une  mesure  compatible  avec  les 
'  circonstances,  s'appliquera  a  f aciliter  les  moyens  d'atteindre  un 
'  semblable  but. 

ARTICLE  XII.9 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

Les  puissances  signataires  se  reservent  d'y  introduire  ulterieure- 
ment  sous  forme  de  protocole  et  d'un  commun  accord,  les  modi- 
fications dont  1'utilite  serait  demontree  par  les  circonstances. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  pour  1'espace  de  six  ans 
a  partir  de  1'echange  des  ratifications  ;10  mais  s'il  n'avait  pas  ete 
denonce  un  an  a  1'avance  par  Tune  ou  1'autre  des  hautes  parties 
contractantes,  il  restera  en  vigueur  pour  la  meme  duree  de  six 
autres  annees. 

8  Identic  with  Article  IV  of  the  German-Italian  Separate  Treaty  of  February 
20,  1887.    Cf.  p.  112. 

9  Identic  with  Article  VI  of  the  Treaty  of  May  20,  1882,  and  Articles  II  and  V 
of  the  Separate  Treaties  of  Italy  with  Austria-Hungary  and  with  Germany,  re- 
spectively, of  February  20,  1887.    Cf.  pp.  68,  108,  114. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          159 

even  have  recourse  to  extreme  measures  in  French  territory  in 
Europe,  the  state  of  war  which  would  thereby  ensue  between 
Italy  and  France  would  constitute  ipso  facto,  on  the  demand  of 
Italy,  and  at  the  common  charge  of  Germany  and  Italy,  the 
casus foederis  foreseen  by  Articles  II  and  V  of  the  present  Treaty, 
as  if  such  an  eventuality  were  expressly  contemplated  therein. 

ARTICLE  XI.8 

If  the  fortunes  of  any  war  undertaken  in  common  against 
France  by  the  two  Powers  should  lead  Italy  to  seek  for  territorial 
guaranties  with  respect  to  France  for  the  security  of  the  frontiers 
of  the  Kingdom  and  of  her  maritime  position,  as  well  as  with  a 
view  to  the  stability  of  peace,  Germany  will  present  no  obstacle 
thereto,  and,  if  need  be,  and  in  a  measure  compatible  with  cir- 
cumstances, will  apply  herself  to  facilitating  the  means  of  attain- 
ing such  a  purpose. 

ARTICLE  XII.9 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

The  Signatory  Powers  reserve  the  right  of  subsequently  in- 
troducing, in  the  form  of  a  protocol  and  of  a  common  agreement, 
the  modifications  of  which  the  utility  should  be  demonstrated 
by  circumstances. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  the  space  of  six 
years,  dating  from  the  exchange  of  ratifications;  but  if  it  has  not 
been  denounced  one  year  in  advance  by  one  or  another  of  the 
High  Contracting  Parties,  it  shall  remain  in  force  for  the  same 
duration  of  six  more  years. 

10  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  May  16,  1891 
(draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXVTII,  32);  of  Emperor  William  II, 
New  Palace,  Potsdam,  May  16,  1891  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen 
Ratifikationen) ;  of  King  Humbert,  Rome,  May  12,  1891  (original,  ibid.);  Protocol 
of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Berlin,  May  17,  1891  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch., 
Geheimakten,  XXVIII,  34). 


l6o         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  XV. 

Les  ratifications  du  present  traite  seront  echangees  a  Berlin, 
dans  un  delai  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  t6t  si  faire  se  peut. 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
'present  traite,  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  en  triple  exemplaire,  le  sixieme  jour  du  mois  de 
mai  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-onze. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Caprivi. 

L.  S.  Launay. 


Final  Protocol  to  the  Treaty.11 

PROTOCOLE. 

Au  moment  de  proceder  a  la  signature  du  traite  de  ce  jour  entre 
1'Autriche-Hongrie,  1'Allemagne  et  1'Italie,  les  plenipotentiaires 
soussignes  de  ces  trois  puissances,  a  ce  dument  autorises,  se 
declarent  mutuellement  ce  qui  suit: 

i°  Sauf  reserve  d'approbation  parlementaire  pour  les  stipula- 
tions effectives  qui  decouleraient  de  la  presente  declaration  de 
principe  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent,  des  ce 
moment,  en  matiere  economique  (finances,  douanes,  chemins  de 
fer)  en  sus  du  traitement  de  la  nation  la  plus  favorisee,  toutes  les 
facilites  et  tous  les  avantages  particuliers  qui  seraient  compatibles 
avec  les  exigences  de  chacun  des  trois  etats  et  avec  leurs  engage- 
ments respectifs  avec  les  tierces  puissances. 

2°-  L'accession  de  1'Angleterre  etant  deja  acquise,  en  principe, 
aux  stipulations  du  traite  de  ce  jour  qui  concernent  TOrient, 
proprement  dit,  a  savoir  les  territoires  de  1'empire  ottoman,  les 
hautes  parties  contractantes  s'emploieront  au  moment  opportun, 
et  pour  autant  que  les  circonstances  le  comporteraient,  a  provo- 
quer  une  accession  analogue  a  1'egard  des  territoires  nord-africains 

11  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  25,  Geheimakten,  XXVIII,  26. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          l6l 

ARTICLE  XV. 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty  shall  be  exchanged  at 
Berlin  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of 
their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  in  triplicate,  the  sixth  day  of  the  month  of 
May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-one. 

L.  S.  Szechenyi. 

L.  S.  v.  Caprivi. 

L.  S.  Launay. 


Final  Protocol  to  the  Treaty. 

PROTOCOL. 

At  the  moment  of  proceeding  to  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of 
this  day  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Italy,  the 
undersigned  Plenipotentiaries  of  these  three  Powers,  thereto 
duly  authorized,  mutually  declare  themselves  as  follows: 

i  .  Under  reserve  of  parliamentary  approval  for  the  executory 
stipulations  proceeding  from  the  present  declaration  of  principle, 
the  High  Contracting  Parties  promise  each  other,  from  this  mo- 
ment, in  economic  matters  (finances,  customs,  railroads),  in  addi- 
tion to  most-favored-nation  treatment,  all  of  the  facilities  and 
special  advantages  which  would  be  compatible  with  the  re- 
quirements of  each  of  the  three  States  and  with  their  respective 
engagements  with  third  Powers. 

2.  The  accession  of  England  being  already  acquired,  in  prin- 
ciple, to  the  stipulations  of  the  Treaty  of  this  day  which  concern 
the  Orient,  properly  so-called,  to  wit,  the  territories  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  exert  themselves 
at  the  opportune  moment,  and  to  the  extent  that  circumstances 
may  permit  it,  to  bring  about  an  analogous  accession  with  regard 
to  the  North  African  territories  of  the  central  and  western  part  of 


1 62         THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

de  la  partie  centrale  et  occidentale  de  la  Mediterranee,  le  Maroc 
compris.  Cette  accession  pourrait  se  realiser  moyennant  accep- 
tation, de  la  part  de  1'Angleterre,  du  programme  etabli  aux 
articles  IX  et  X  du  traite  de  ce  jour. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  trois  plenipotentiaires  ont  signe,  en  triple 
exemplaire,  le  present  protocole. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  le  sixieme  jour  du  mois  de  mai  mil  huit  cent 
quatre-vingt-onze. 

Szechenyi. 

v.  Caprivi. 

Launay. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          163 

the  Mediterranean,  including  Morocco.  This  accession  might  be 
realized  by  an  acceptance,  on  the  part  of  England,  of  the  pro- 
gramme established  by  Articles  IX  and  X  of  the  Treaty  of  this 
day. 

In  witness  whereof  the  three  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the 
present  Protocol  in  triplicate. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  sixth  day  of  the  month  of  May,  one  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  and  ninety-one. 

Szechenyi. 

v.  Caprivi. 

Launay. 


164  SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

16. 

SECOND  TREATY    OF    ALLIANCE    OF   RUMANIA 
WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  GERMANY, 
AND  ITALY.     1892. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania.  Sinaia, 
July  13/25, 


'S.  M.  Tempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme,  etc.  et  roi  apo- 
'stolique  de  Hongrie,  et 

'S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie, 

'animes  d'un  egal  desir  de  maintenir  la  paix  generate,  conforme- 
'ment  au  but  poursuivi  par  1'alliance  austro-hongroise  et  alle- 
'mande,  d 'assurer  1'ordre  politique  et  de  garantir  centre  toutes 
'les  eventual! tes  la  parfaite  amitie  qui  les  lie,  ont  resolu  de  con- 
'  clure  a  cette  fin  un  traite  qui  par  sa  nature  essentiellement  con- 
'servatrice  et  defensive  ne  poursuit  que  le  but  de  les  premunir 
1  centre  les  dangers  qui  pourraient  menacer  la  paix  de  leurs  etats. 

'A  cet  effet  L.  L.  dites  M.  M.  ont  nomme  pour  leurs  plenipo- 
'tentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  Tempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie:  le  sieur  Agenor  comte  Gohichowski,  chambel- 
lan  imperial  et  royal,  son  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  pleni- 
potentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie, 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie:   le  sieur  Alexandre  N.  Lahovary, 
son  ministre,  secretaire  d'etat  aux  affaires  etrangeres, 
'  lesquels,  apres  s'etre  communiques  leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves 
'en  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  i. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  paix  et  amitie 
'et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engagement  dirige  centre 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  26,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  n.  45. 


SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY  165 


16. 

SECOND  TREATY  OF  ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA 

WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  GERMANY, 

AND  ITALY.     1892. 

(<*) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania.  Sinaia, 
July  13/25,  1892. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania, 

animated  by  an  equal  desire  to  maintain  the  general  peace,  in 
conformity  with  the  purpose  pursued  by  the  Austro-Hungarian 
and  German  Alliance,  to  assure  the  political  order,  and  to  guar- 
antee against  all  eventualities  the  perfect  friendship  which  binds 
Them  together,  have  resolved  to  conclude  to  this  end  a  Treaty 
which  by  its  essentially  conservative  and  defensive  nature  pur- 
sues only  the  aim  of  forestalling  the  dangers  which  might  menace 
the  peace  of  Their  States. 

For  this  purpose  Their  said  Majesties  have  named  as  Their 
Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary:  the  Sieur  Agenor  Count 
Gohichowski,  Imperial  and  Royal  Chamberlain,  His  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Rumania, 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania:  the  Sieur  Alexander  N. 
Lahovary,  His  Minister,  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 

who,  after  having  communicated  to  each  other  their  full  pow- 
ers, found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following 
Articles: 

ARTICLE  i. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  promise  one  another  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 


1 66  SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'Tun  de  leurs  etats.  Elles  s'engagent  a  suivre  une  politique 
'amicale  et  a  se  preter  un  appui  mutuel  dans  la  limite  de  leurs 
'interets. 

ARTICLE  2. 

'Si  la  Roumanie,  sans  provocation  aucune  de  sa  part,  venait 
'a  etre  attaquee,  rAutriche-Hongrie  est  tenue  a  lui  porter  en 
'temps  utile  secours  et  assistance  centre  Pagresseur.  Si  1'Au- 
'  triche-Hongrie  etait  attaquee  dans  les  memes  circonstances  dans 
'  une  partie  de  ses  etats  limitrophe  a  la  Roumanie,  le  casus  f oederis 
'  se  presentera  aussitot  pour  cette  derniere. 

ARTICLE  3. 

'Si  une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  trouvait  menacee 
'd'une  agression  dans  les  conditions  susmentionnees  les  gouverne- 
'ments  respectifs  se  mettront  d'accord  sur  les  mesures  a  prendre 
'en  vue  d'une  cooperation  de  leurs  armees.  Ces  questions  mili- 
'taires,  notamment  celle  de  1'unite  des  operations  et  du  passage 
'des  territoires  respectifs,  seront  reglees  par  une  convention 
'militaire. 

ARTICLE  4. 

'  Si  contrairement  a  leur  desir  et  espoir  les  hautes  parties  con- 
'tractantes  etaient  forcees  a  une  guerre  commune  dans  les  cir- 
'  Constances  prevues  par  les  articles  precedents,  elles  s'engagent  a 
*ne  negocier  ni  conclure  separement  la  paix. 

ARTICLE  5. 

'Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  pour  la  duree  de'  quatre 
'  ans  a  partir  du  jour  de  1'echange  des  ratifications.  Si  une  annee 
'avant  son  expiration  le  present  traite  n'est  pas  denonce,  ou  si  la 
'revision  n'en  est  pas  demandee  par  aucune  des  hautes  parties 
'  contractantes,  il  sera  considere  comme  prolonge  pour  la  duree  de 
'  trois  autres  annees. 

ARTICLE  6. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 


SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY  167 

against  any  one  of  their  States.  They  engage  to  follow  a  friendly 
policy,  and  to  lend  one  another  mutual  support  within  the  limits 
of  their  interests. 

ARTICLE  2. 

If  Rumania,  without  any  provocation  on  her  part,  should  be 
attacked,  Austria-Hungary  is  bound  to  bring  her  in  ample  tune 
help  and  assistance  against  the  aggressor.  If  Austria-Hungary 
be  attacked  under  the  same  circumstances  in  a  portion  of  her 
states  bordering  on  Rumania,  the  casus  foederis  will  immediately 
arise  for  the  latter. 

ARTICLE  3. 

If  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should  find  itself 
threatened  by  an  aggression  under  the  abovementioned  condi- 
tions, the  respective  Governments  shall  put  themselves  in  agree- 
ment as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  with  a  view  to  cooperation 
of  their  armies.  These  military  questions,  especially  that  of  the 
unity  of  operations  and  of  passage  through  the  respective  ter- 
ritories, shall  be  regulated  by  a  military  convention. 

ARTICLE  4. 

If,  contrary  to  their  desire  and  hope,  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  be  forced  into  a  common  war  under  the  circumstances 
foreseen  by  the  preceding  Articles,  they  engage  neither  to  nego- 
tiate nor  to  conclude  peace  separately. 

ARTICLE  5. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  a  period  of  four 
years,  dating  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications.  If  the 
present  Treaty  is  not  denounced  one  year  before  its  expiration, 
or  if  its  revision  is  not  demanded  by  either  of  the  High  Contract- 
ing Parties,  it  shall  be  regarded  as  prolonged  for  a  period  of  three 
more  years. 

ARTICLE  6. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 


1 68  SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

ARTICLE  7. 

'Le  present  traite  sera  ratifie  et  les  ratifications  seront  echan- 
'  gees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si  f aire  se  peut.2 

'  En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectif s  1'ont  signe  et  y 
'  ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Sinaia  le  vingt-cinquieme/treizieme  jour  du  mois  de 
juillet  de  1'an  de  grace  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-douze. 
Agenor  comte  Goluchowski.  Al.  Lahovari. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

(*) 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Rumania 

providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the  Alliance. 

Bucharest,  November  11/23,  1892* 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apo- 
'  stolique  de  Hongrie,  et 

'S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  ayant  conclu  a'  Sinaia  le  25/13 
juillet  de  1'annee  courante  'le  traite  d'amitie  et  d'alliance  suivant: 
[Articles  1-7  of  the  Treaty  of  July  25,  1892,  follow] 

'ont  invite  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  a 
'acceder  aux  dispositions  du  susdit  traite. 

'En  consequence  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
'a  muni  de  ses  pleins-pouvoirs  a  cet  effet  son  representant '  a 
Bucarest,  le  conseiller  de  legation  Bernard  de  Billow,  'pour 
'adherer  formellement  aux  stipulations  contenues  dans  le  traite 
'  susmentionne.  En  vertu  de  cet  acte  d'accession  S.  M.  1'empereur 
'd'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  prend  au  nom  de  1'empire  d'Alle- 
'magne  envers  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme 
'etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  et  en 
'meme  temps  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme 
'etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  pren- 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Ischl,  July  30,  1892 
(draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX a,  n.  46);  of  King  Charles,  Sinaia, 
July  25/ August  4, 1892  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Rati- 
fikationen);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Sinaia,  July  25/ August  4,  1892 
(original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX a,  51). 

3  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimer  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  27,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  n.  92. 


SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY  169 

ARTICLE  7. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  shall 
be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Sinaia,  the  twenty-fifth/thirteenth  day  of  the  month 
of  July  of  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-two. 

Agenor  Count  Gohichowski.  Al.  Lahovari. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

W 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Rumania 

providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the  Alliance. 

Bucharest,  November  11/23,  *%92- 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  having  concluded  at  Sinaia 
on  July  25/13  of  the  current  year  the  Treaty  of  friendship  and 
alliance  which  follows: 

[Articles  1-7  of  the  Treaty  of  July  25,  1892,  follow.] 

have  invited  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  to  accede  to  the  provisions  of  the  aforesaid  Treaty. 

Consequently  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  has  furnished  with  His  full  powers  for  this  purpose  His 
Representative  at  Bucharest,  Counsellor  of  Legation  Bernhard 
von  Billow,  to  adhere  formally  to  the  provisions  contained  in  the 
abovementioned  Treaty.  In  virtue  of  this  Act  of  Accession  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  takes  in  the 
name  of  the  German  Empire  towards  Their  Majesties  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of 
Hungary,  and  the  King  of  Rumania,  and  at  the  same  time  Their 
Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and 
Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  King  of  Rumania  take 
towards  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 
the  same  engagements  by  which  the  High  Contracting  Parties 


170  SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'nent  envers  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'AUemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  les 
'memes  engagements  auxquels  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se 
'sont  mutuellement  obligees  par  les  stipulations  du  dit  traite 
'insere  ci-dessus. 

'Le  present  acte  d'accession  sera  ratifie  et  les  ratifications 
'  seront  echangees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si 
'faire  se  peut.4 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
'present  acte  d'accession  et  y  ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Bucarest,  le  23e/ne  jour  du  mois  de  novembre  de  Tan 
de  grace  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-douze. 

L.  S.  A.  Gohichowski. 

L.  S.  Al.  Lahovari. 

L.  S.  Bern.  Bulow. 

M 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy  to  the  Alliance.    November  28,  1892.* 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et 
'S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  ayant  conclu'  le  25/13  juillet  1892 
'un  traite  d'amitie  et  d'alliance,  actuellement  en  vigueur,  traite 
'dont  la  teneur  suit: 

[  The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows} 

'Ce  traite  ayant  recu'  le  23  novembre  1892  Taccession  de 
'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  et  ayant  etc  en- 
'  suite  communique  par  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  susmen- 
'tionnees  a  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  avec  1'invitation  a  y  acceder,  S.  M. 
'  le  roi  d'ltalie,  approuvant  le  but  pour  lequel  ce  traite  a  etc  conclu, 
'  et  qui  est  la  conservation  de  la  paix  generate  et  de  1'ordre  exist- 
'ant,  a  autorise  le  soussigne'  sieur  Frangois  des  marquis  Curto- 
passi,  son  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire 

4  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  in  one  copy  each  for  the 
German  Empire  and  Rumania,  Vienna,  December  5,  1892  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit. 
Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  n.  99);  of  Emperor  William  II,  Berlin,  December  5, 
1892  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen) ;  of  King  Charles, 
Bucharest,  November  3o/December  n,  1892  (original,  ibid.);  Protocol  of  exchange 
of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania,  Bucharest,  December 
1/13,  1892  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX a,  n.  103);  between 


SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY  171 

have  mutually  bound  themselves  according  to  the  stipulations  of 
the  said  Treaty  inserted  above. 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifica- 
tions shall  be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner 
if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Act  of  Accession  and  have  affixed  thereto  the 
seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  twenty-third/eleventh  day  of  the  month 
of  November  of  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  ninety-two. 

L  S  A.  Gohichowski. 

L.  S.  Al.  Lahovari. 

L.  S.  Bern.  Bulow. 

w 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy  to  the  Alliance.     November  28,  1892* 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hun- 
gary, and  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  having  concluded 
on  July  25/13,  1892,  a  Treaty  of  friendship  and  alliance,  now  in 
force,  the  tenor  of  which  Treaty  follows: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows} 

This  Treaty  having  received  on  November  23,  1892,  the  Ac- 
cession of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prus- 
sia, and  having  been  then  communicated  by  the  High  Contract- 
ing Parties  abovementioned  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy 
with  an  invitation  to  accede  thereto,  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Italy,  approving  the  purpose  for  which  this  Treaty  has  been  con- 
cluded, and  which  is  the  preservation  of  the  general  peace  and 
of  the  existing  order,  has  authorized  the  undersigned  Sieur 

the  German  Empire  and  Rumania,  Bucharest,  December  14,  1892  (according  to 
advice  from  Bucharest  on  December  15:  ibid.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  n.  105). 

•  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  28,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  n.  92. 

A  similar  Treaty  was  concluded  and  ratified  between  Rumania  and  Italy.  Des- 
patch from  Bucharest  dated  December  30,  1892,  and  Instruction  to  Rome  dated 
January  5,  1893  (St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  nn.  113  and  115). 


SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

aupres  de  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  'a  declarer  en  son  nom  qu'il 
'  accede  au  dit  traite  dans  les  limites  ci-apres  indiquees  en  ce  qui 
'concerne  les  stipulations  des  articles  2  et  3,  savoir: 

'  Si  les  eventualites,  pouvant  donner  lieu  au  casus  foederis  tel  qu'il 
'est  prevu  dans  les  articles  2  et  3,  venaient  a  se  produire,  L.  L. 
'M.  M.,  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  le  roi 
'd'ltalie  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie  prennent  1'engagement  mutuel 
'de  se  concerter  en  temps  utile  pour  une  action  commune  dont  les 
'modalites  seront  reglees  par  une  convention  speciale. 

'La  presente  accession  sera  en  vigueur  a  dater  du  jour  de  la 
'signature'  pour  toute  la  duree  du  traite  principal  du  25/13  juillet 
1892. 

'Le  secret  sera  garde  sur  cet  acte  d'accession  qui  ne  pourra 
'etre  revele  sans  le  consentement  de  chacune  des  hautes  parties 
'contractantes. 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostoliqie  de  Hongrie  a  au- 
'  torise  de  son  cote  le  soussigne  sieur '  Agenor  comte  Gohichowski, 
chambellan  I.  et  R.,  son  envoy e  extraordinaire  et  ministre  ple- 
nipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  'a  declarer  en  son 
'nom  qu'il  accepte  dans  les  termes  ci-dessus  relates  et  avec  les 
'memes  obligations  mutuelles  1'accession  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie 
'au  traite'  du  25/13  juillet  1892. 

'Le  present  acte  d'accession  et  d'acceptation  sera  ratine  par  S. 
'M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie  et  par 
'S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie,  et  les  ratifications  seront  echangees  le  plus 
'tot  possible.6 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les'  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  'ont  signe  le 
'present  acte  d'accession  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Bucharest,  le  vingt-huitieme  jour  du  mois  de  novembre 
mille  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-douze. 

Agenor  comte  Gohichowski.  Francesco  Curtopassi. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

6  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  December  15, 
1892  (draft:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  a,  n.  104);  of  King  Humbert, 
Rome,  December  18,  1892  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen 
Ratifikationen) ;  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary  and 
Italy,  Vienna,  December  24,  1892  (original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten, 
XXX  a,  n.  109). 


SECOND  RUMANIAN  TREATY  173 

Francis  dei  marches!  Curtopassi,  His  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania, 
to  declare  in  His  name  that  He  accedes  to  the  said  Treaty  within 
the  limits  indicated  below,  so  far  as  concerns  the  stipulations  of 
Articles  2  and  3,  to  wit: 

If  eventualities  that  could  give  rise  to  the  casus  foederis  as  it  is 
foreseen  in  Articles  2  and  3  should  chance  to  occur,  Their  Maj- 
esties the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the 
King  of  Italy,  and  the  King  of  Rumania  assume  a  mutual  en- 
gagement to  take  counsel  together  in  ample  time  as  to  common 
action,  the  detailed  procedure  of  which  shall  be  regulated  by  a 
special  convention. 

The  present  Accession  shall  be  in  force,  dating  from  the  day  of 
signature,  for  the  whole  duration  of  the  principal  Treaty  of 
July  25/13,  1892. 

This  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  kept  secret,  and  cannot  be  re- 
vealed without  the  consent  of  each  of  the  High  Contracting 
Parties. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King  of  Hun- 
gary, has  for  his  part  authorized  the  undersigned  Sieur  Agenor 
Count  Gohichowski,  Imperial  and  Royal  Chamberlain,  His 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Maj- 
esty the  King  of  Rumania,  to  declare  in  His  name  that  He 
accepts  in  the  terms  above  stated,  and  with  the  same  mutual 
obligations,  the  Accession  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  to 
the  Treaty  of  July  25/13,  1892. 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  and  of  acceptance  shall  be 
ratified  by  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King 
of  Hungary,  and  by  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  and  the  rati- 
fications shall  be  exchanged  as  soon  as  possible. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Act  of  Accession  and  have  affixed  thereto  the 
seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  the  month  of 
November,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-two. 

Agenor  Count  Gohichowski.  Francesco  Curtopassi. 

L.S.  L.  S. 


174      PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE 


17- 

PROLONGATION     OF     THE     ALLIANCE     OF 

RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 

GERMANY,   AND  ITALY.     1896. 


Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  regarding  the 
prolongation  oj  the  Alliance.    Sinaia,  September  30,  1896.  l 

Les  soussignes,  munis  des  pleins-pouvoirs  de  leurs  souverains, 
trouves  en  bonne  et  due  forme,  prenant  en  consideration  les  stip- 
ulations du  traite  d'alliance,  signe  le  25  juillet  1892,  entre  la 
Roumanie  et  1'Autriche-Hongrie,  et  desireux  de  constater  une 
fois  de  plus  1'entente  intime  etablie  en  prevision  de  certaines 
eventualites,  mentionnees  dans  ce  traite,  sont  tombes  d'accord 
sur  ce  qui  suit: 

Bien  que  le  traite  dont  la  duree  a  d'abord  ete  fixee  pour  quatre 
ans,  continue  en  vertu  de  1'Article  5,  d'une  maniere  tacite,  de 
garder  sa  valeur  jusqu'au  25  juillet  1899,  les  soussignes  tiennent 
a  declarer  d'une  maniere  formelle  que  les  engagements  pris  de 
part  et  d'autre  resteront  pleinement  et  entierement  en  vigueur 
durant  1'entiere  periode  de  sept  ans  prevue  par  le  dit  traite. 

Convaincus  des  bons  resultats  obtenus  par  cette  entente  pour 
les  interets  des  deux  parties  contractantes  et  voulant  en  assurer 
les  bienfaits  pour  une  periode  prolongee,  les  soussignes  prennent 
1'engagement  que  le  traite  en  question  restera  en  vigueur  dans 
toutes  ses  parties  et  dans  toute  sa  teneur  jusqu'au  25  juillet  1903. 

II  est  bien  entendu  que  le  present  protocole,  redige  conforme- 
ment  aux  pleins-pouvoirs  donnees  par  L.  L.  M.  M.  le  roi  de  Rou- 

1  Original:  St.  A.,  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden, 
n.  30,  Geheimakten,  XXX  b,  5. 

The  prolongation  of  the  Treaty  legally  came  into  effect  by  the  signing  of  this 
Protocol.  The  negotiators  were  authorized  to  proceed  to  the  ratification  by  full 
powers  from  the  Chiefs  of  State,  as  in  the  case  of  ministerial  declarations. 

Full  power  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  September  19,  1896 
(draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  b,  n.  6);  of  King  Charles  of  Rumania, 


PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE      175 


17- 

PROLONGATION    OF    THE    ALLIANCE    OF 

RUMANIA  WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 

GERMANY,  AND  ITALY.     1896. 

W 

Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  regarding  the 
prolongation  of  the  Alliance.    Sinaia,  September  30,  1896. 

The  undersigned,  furnished  with  full  powers  by  their  Sover- 
reigns,  found  in  good  and  due  form,  taking  into  consideration  the 
stipulations  of  the  Treaty  of  Alliance,  signed  on  July  25,  1892, 
between  Rumania  and  Austria-Hungary,  and  desirous  to  record 
once  more  the  intimate  understanding  established  in  prospect 
of  certain  eventualities  mentioned  in  this  Treaty,  have  come  into 
agreement  upon  the  following: 

Although  the  Treaty,  of  which  the  duration  had  first  been 
fixed  for  four  years,  continues,  in  virtue  of  Article  5,  tacitly  to 
keep  its  validity  until  July  25,  1899,  the  undersigned  have  to 
declare  in  a  formal  manner  that  the  engagements  assumed  on 
both  sides  shall  remain  fully  and  entirely  in  force  during  the  en- 
tire period  of  seven  years  foreseen  by  the  said  Treaty. 

Convinced  of  the  good  results  obtained  by  this  understanding 
for  the  interests  of  the  two  Contracting  Parties,  and  wishing  to 
make  sure  of  its  benefits  for  a  prolonged  period,  the  undersigned 
assume  the  engagement  that  the  Treaty  in  question  shall  re- 
main in  force  in  all  its  parts  and  in  all  its  tenor  until  July  25, 
1903. 

It  is  well  understood  that  the  present  Protocol,  drawn  up  in 
conformity  with  the  full  powers  granted  by  Their  Majesties  the 
King  of  Rumania  and  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apostolic  King 

Pelesch  Palace,  September  12/24,  I8Q<>  (original  attached  to  the  Protocol:  St.  A., 
Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  30,  Geheimakten, 
XXX  b,n.  5). 

Corresponding  ratifications  are  lacking. 


176      PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE 

manie  et  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  fait 
partie  integrante  du  traite  d'alliance  du  25  juillet  1892. 

Fait  a  Sinai'a,  le  dixhuitieme/trentieme  jour  du  mois  de  septem- 
bre  de  Tan  de  grace  mil  huit  cent  quatre-vingt-seize. 

D.  Sturdza.  Gohichowski. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


Accession  of  the  German  Empire  to  the  Protocol.    Berlin,  May  7, 

1899? 

VERBAL-NOTE. 

Die  Dauer  des  zwischen  Oesterreich-Ungarn  und  Rumanien  im 
Jahre  1892  abgeschlossenen  und  im  Jahre  1896  verlangerten  Ge- 
heimvertrags  wird  im  Artikel  5  dieses  Vertrags  geregelt.  Der 
letzte  Absatz  dieses  Artikels  lautet: 

"Si  une  annee  avant  son  expiration  le  present  traite  n'est  pas 
denonce  ou  si  la  revision  n'en  est  pas  demandee  par  aucune  des 
hautes  parties  contractantes,  il  sera  considere  comme  prolonge 
pour  la  duree  de  trois  autres  annees." 

Auf  Grund  dieser  Fassung  des  Artikels  und  folgend  den  all- 
gemein  iiblichen  Grundsatzen  bei  Interpretation  von  Vertragen 
geht  die  kaiserliche  Regierung,  welche  dem  Geheimvertrage  im 
November  1892  beigetreten  ist,  von  der  Auffassung  aus,  dass  der 
Vertrag  fiir  jeden  vertragschliessenden  Theil,  welcher  nicht  ein 
Jahr  vor  Ablauf  desselben  seinen  Riicktritt  erklart  hat,  still- 
schweigend  weiterlauft.  Da  eine  Kiindigung  seitens  der  Regie- 
rung  S.  M.  im  Laufe  dieses  Jahres  nicht  erfolgt  ist,  so  erachtet 
dieselbe  sich  mithin  nach  wie  vor  an  die  Bestimmungen  des 
Vertrages  fiir  gebunden. 

Bereits  im  Dezember  v.  J.  war  die  kaiserliche  Regierung  in  der 
Lage,  dem  rumanischen  Gesandten  in  Berlin  auf  seme  Anfrage  die 
vorstehende  Auffassung  iiber  die  Dauer  ihrer  Vertragspflichten 
schriftlich  mitzutheilen  und  ist  mit  ihrer  Darlegung  dem  Ein- 

2  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  31, 
Geheimakten,  XXX  c,  13. 


PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE       177 

of  Hungary,  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  Treaty  of  Alliance  of 
July  25,  1892. 

Done  at  Sinaia,  the  eighteenth/thirtieth  day  of  the  month  of 
September  of  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
ninety-six. 

D.  Sturdza.  Gohichowski. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

W 

Accession  of  the  German  Empire  to  the  Protocol.    Berlin,  May  7, 

1899. 

NOTE  VERBALE. 

The  duration  of  the  secret  Treaty  concluded  between  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Rumania  in  the  year  1892  and  prolonged  in  the 
year  1896  is  determined  in  Article  5  of  this  Treaty.  The  last 
paragraph  of  this  Article  reads: 

"If  the  present  Treaty  is  not  denounced  one  year  before  its 
expiration,  or  if  its  revision  is  not  demanded  by  either  of  the  High 
Contracting  Parties,  it  shall  be  considered  as  prolonged  for  a 
period  of  three  more  years." 

On  the  basis  of  this  wording  of  the  Article,  and  in  conformity 
with  the  generally  accepted  principles  of  the  interpretation  of 
treaties,  the  Imperial  Government,  which  adhered  to  the  secret 
Treaty  in  November,  1892,  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  Treaty 
automatically  continues  as  regards  every  Signatory  Party  which 
has  not  given  notice  of  its  withdrawal  one  year  before  the  ex- 
piration of  the  said  Treaty.  Since  no  notice  was  given  by  the 
Government  of  His  Majesty  in  the  course  of  this  year,  the  said 
Government  considers  itself  bound,  as  previously,  by  the  stipu- 
lations of  the  Treaty. 

The  Imperial  Government,  in  reply  to  an  inquiry  of  the  Ru- 
manian Minister  in  Berlin,  was  as  early  as  December  of  last  year 
in  a  position  to  inform  him  in  writing  concerning  the  above- 
mentioned  conception  of  the  duration  of  the  Treaty,  and  in  this 


178      PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE 

verstandniss  und  dem  vollen  Genugen  S.  M.  des  Konigs  Carl 
begegnet. 

Berlin,  den  7.  Mai  1899. 


Acknowledgment  by  Austria-Hungary  of  the  German  accession  to 
the  Protocol.    Berlin,  May  15,  i#pp.3 

Geheim.* 

Euer  Excellenz! 

Die  Verbal-Note,  welche  E.  E.  mit  der  geheimen  Zuschrift  vom 
7.  Mai  1.  J.  mir  zu  iibermitteln  die  Giite  batten,  babe  ich  mit  ver- 
bindlichstem  Danke  zu  erhalten  die  Ehre  gehabt. 

In  diesen  Schriftstiicken,  welche  ich  nicht  verfehlt  habe  meiner 
Regierung  vorzulegen,  ist  seitens  E.  E.  der  Standpunkt  niederge- 
legt,  welchen  die  kaiserlich  deutsche  Regierung  hinsichtlich  der 
Dauer  der  Verbindlichkeiten  einnimmt,  die  ihr  aus  ihrem  seiner 
Zeit  erfolgten  Beitritt  zu  dem  zwischen  Osterreich-Ungarn  und 
Rumanien  abgeschlossenen  Vertrage  obliegen. 

E.  E.  haben  die  diesbeziigliche  Auffassung  der  kaiserlich 
deutschen  Regierung  dahin  formulirt,  dass  auf  Grund  der  Fas- 
sung  des  Artikel  5  des  im  Jahre  1892  mit  Rumanien  abgeschlos- 
senen und  1896  verlangerten  geheimen  Vertrages,  und  nach  den 
allgemein  iiblichen  Grundsatzen  bei  Interpretation  von  Vertra- 
gen,  der  in  Rede  stehende  Vertrag  fur  jeden  vertragschliessenden 
Theil,  welcher  nicht  ein  Jahr  vor  Ablauf  desselben  seinen  Riick- 
tritt  erklart  hat,  stillschweigend  weiterlauft  und  dass  somit, 
nachdem  eine  Kiindigung  seitens  der  Regierung  S.  M.  des 
deutschen  Kaisers  im  Lauf  e  dieses  Jahres  nicht  erfolgt  ist,  dieselbe 
sich  nach  wie  vor  an  die  Bestimmungen  des  Vertrages  fur  gebun- 
den  erachtet. 

Ferner  hatten  E.  E.  die  Gtite  mitzutheilen,  dass  die  kaiserlich 
deutsche  Regierung  bereits  im  Dezember  vorigen  Jahres  in  der 
Lage  war,  dem  rumanischen  Gesandten  in  Berlin  auf  seine  An- 

3  Copy:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  c,  n.  17. 

*  The  superscription  reads:  "Abschrift  einer  amtlichen  Zuschrift  des  Bot- 
schafters  von  Szogy6ny  an  den  Staatssekretar  von  Billow,  d.  d.  Berlin,  den  15. 


PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE      179 

statement  met  with  the  approval  and  the  complete  satisfaction 
of  His  Majesty  King  Charles. 
Berlin,  May  7,  1899. 

w 

Acknowledgment  by  Austria-Hungary  of  the  German  accession  to 
the  Protocol.     Berlin,  May  75,  1899. 

Secret.* 

Excellency: 

It  is  with  the  most  sincere  thanks  that  I  have  had  the  honor 
to  receive  the  Note  Verbale  which  Your  Excellency  was  good 
enough  to  transmit  to  me,  together  with  the  secret  Memorandum 
of  May  7  last. 

In  these  documents,  which  I  have  not  failed  to  lay  before  my 
Government,  Your  Excellency  defines  the  position  which  the 
Imperial  German  Government  takes  with  regard  to  the  duration 
of  the  obligations  which  are  incumbent  on  it  through  its  partici- 
pation in  the  Treaty  concluded  between  Austria-Hungary  and 
Rumania. 

Your  Excellency  has  formulated  the  opinion  of  the  Imperial 
German  Government  in  this  matter,  that  by  virtue  of  the  word- 
ing of  Article  5  of  the  secret  Treaty  which  was  concluded  with 
Rumania  in  1892  and  prolonged  in  1896,  and  in  conformity  with 
the  generally  accepted  principles  of  the  interpretation  of  treaties, 
the  Treaty  in  question  is  automatically  prolonged  as  regards 
each  Signatory  Party  which  has  not  given  notice  of  its  with- 
drawal one  year  before  the  expiration  of  the  said  Treaty;  and 
that  therefore,  as  no  notice  was  given  by  the  Government  of  His 
Majesty  the  German  Emperor  in  the  course  of  this  year,  the  said 
Government  considers  itself  bound,  as  previously,  by  the  stipu- 
lations of  the  Treaty. 

Your  Excellency  had  the  further  kindness  to  state  that  the 
Imperial  German  Government,  in  reply  to  an  inquiry  of  the 
Rumanian  Minister  in  Berlin,  was  as  early  as  December  of  the 

Mai  1899,  Nr.  22."    ("Copy  of  an  official  note  from  Ambassador  von  Szogy^ny  to 
Secretary  of  State  von  Biilow,  dated  Berlin,  May  15,  1899,  No.  22.") 


ISO      PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE 

frage  die  vorstehende  Auffassung  iiber  die  Dauer  ihrer  Vertrags- 
pflichten  schriftlich  bekannt  zu  geben,  und  dass  sie  mit  ihrer 
Darlegung  dem  Einverstandnis  und  vollen  Genugen  S.  M.  des 
Konigs  Carol  begegnet  ist. 

Im  Auftrage  und  im  Namen  der  k.  u.  k.  Regierung  habe  ich  die 
Ehre,  E.  E.  ganz  ergebenst  bekannt  zu  geben,  dass  dieselbe  in 
vorstehenden  Erklarungen  E.  E.  die  seitens  der  kaiserlich  deut- 
schen  Regierung  bereits  im  November  1896  in  Aussicht  gestellte 
seinerzeitige  schrif  tliche  Adhasion  zu  der  im  September  desselben 
Jahres  zwischen  Osterreich-Ungarn  und  Rumanien  stipulirten 
Vertragsverlangerung  erblickt. 

Ferner  bin  ich  beauftragt,  zu  E.  E.  geneigten  Kenntnis  zu 
bringen,  dass  die  k.  u.  k.  Regierung  von  den  eben  erwahnten  Mit- 
theilungen  der  kaiserlich  deutschen  Regierung  Akt  nimmt  und 
nunmehr  beabsichtigt,  dieselben  der  koniglich  italienischen  Regie- 
rung  mitzutheilen,  damit  diese  in  der  Lage  sei,  auch  ihrerseits 
die  deutsche  Auffassung  zur  Kenntnis  zu  nehmen  und  sich  ihr 
durch  eine  analoge  Declaration  anzuschliessen. 

Gleichzeitig  beniitze  ich  diesen  Anlass,  um  E.  E.  die  Versiche- 
rung  meiner  ausgezeichneten  Hochachtung  zu  erneuern. 

von  Szogyeny  m.  p. 

(d) 
Accession  of  Italy  to  the  Protocol.    Rome,  June  5,  i#pp.5 

Ministero  degli  affari  esteri. 

Rome,  ce  5  juin  1899. 
Monsieur  1'ambassadeur, 

V.  E.  m'a  fait  1'honneur  de  m'informer;  d'ordre  de  son  gou- 
vernement,  d'un  echange  de  notes  intervenu,  les  7  et  15  mai 
dernier,  entre  le  secretaire  d'etat  de  1'empire  allemand  pour  les 
affaires  etrangeres  et  1'ambassadeur  d'Autriche-Hongrie  a  Berlin 
au  sujet  du  traite  secret  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Roumanie. 

8  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  32, 
Geheimakten,  XXX  c,  n.  23. 

This  Declaration  of  Accession  was  accepted  by  Austria-Hungary.  (Despatch 
from  Rome  of  July  3,  1899:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXX  c,  26.) 


PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE       l8l 

previous  year  in  a  position  to  inform  him  in  writing  concerning 
the  abovementioned  opinion  of  the  duration  of  its  treaty  obliga- 
tions, and  that  in  this  statement  it  met  with  the  approval  and 
complete  satisfaction  of  His  Majesty  King  Charles. 

By  the  direction  and  in  the  name  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Government  I  have  the  honor  to  make  known  most  respectfully 
to  Your  Excellency  that  it  sees  in  the  above  declaration  of  Your 
Excellency  the  written  adhesion  on  its  part  foreshadowed  already 
in  November,  1896,  by  the  Imperial  German  Government,  to  the 
Treaty  prolongation  stipulated  between  Austria-Hungary  and 
Rumania  in  September  of  that  year. 

I  am  further  charged  to  bring  to  Your  Excellency's  gracious 
attention  that  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Government  takes  note 
of  the  communication  of  the  Imperial  German  Government  just 
referred  to,  and  intends  forthwith  to  impart  it  to  the  Royal 
Italian  Government,  so  that  the  latter  may  be  in  a  position  to 
become  acquainted  on  its  part  with  the  German  interpretation, 
and  to  adhere  to  it  through  a  similar  declaration. 

I  avail  myself  at  the  same  time  of  this  occasion  to  renew  to 
Your  Excellency  the  assurance  of  my  distinguished  consideration. 

von  Szogyeny,  m.  p. 

Of) 

Accession  of  Italy  to  the  Protocol.    Rome,  June  5,  1899. 

Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Rome,  June  5,  1899. 
Mr.  Ambassador, 

By  order  of  your  Government,  Your  Excellency  has  done  me 
the  honor  to  inform  me  of  an  exchange  of  Notes  which  took  place, 
on  May  7  and  15  last,  between  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  for  Foreign  Affairs  and  the  Ambassador  of  Austria- 
Hungary  at  Berlin  on  the  subject  of  the  secret  Treaty  between 
Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania.  It  is  evident  from  these  docu- 
ments that  the  German  Government  regards  itself,  in  virtue  of 
Article  5  of  this  Treaty,  and  in  conformity  with  the  generally 


1 82      PROLONGATION  OF  THE  RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE 

II  resulte  de  ces  pieces  que  le  gouvernement  allemand  se  considere, 
en  vertu  de  1'art.  5  de  ce  traite,  et  conformement  aux  regies  gen- 
eralement  admises  pour  1'interpretation  des  traites,  comme  etant 
encore  et  ulterieurement  engage  par  son  accession  au  dit  traite 
jusqu'  a  1'expiration  d'une  nouvelle  periode  triennale. 

Le  gouvernement  du  roi  n'hesite  pas  a  s'associer,  pour  ce  qui 
le  concerne,  a  1'opinion  emise  par  le  gouvernement  imperial 
d'Allemagne.  L'accession  de  1'Italie  et  de  1'Allemagne  au  traite 
secret  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Roumanie  visant  Fart.  5 
aussi  bien  que  tous  les  autres  articles,  il  n'est  pas  douteux  que  le 
traite  secret,  par  le  fait  de  n'avoir  ete  denonce  en  temps  utile  par 
aucune  des  parties  interessees,  se  trouve  de  plein  droit  prolonge 
pour  une  duree  ulterieure  de  trois  ans,  et  que  les  obligations  con- 
tractees  par  les  deux  puissances  qui  y  ont  accede  demeurent 
egalement  en  vigueur  pour  la  meme  periode. 

En  priant  V.  E.  de  vouloir  bien  porter  ce  qui  precede  a  la  con- 
naissance  du  gouvernement  I.  et  R.,  en  reponse  a  1'interpellation 
qu'il  nous  a  adressee  par  son  obligeante  entremise,  je  saisis  1'oc- 
casion  pour  lui  renouveler  1'assurance  de  ma  tres  haute  considera- 
tion. 

Visconti  Venosta. 

A  S.  E.  M.  le  baron  Pasetti,  ambassadeur  d'Autriche-Hongrie, 
Rome. 


PROLONGATION  OF  THE -RUMANIAN  ALLIANCE       183 

admitted  rules  of  the  interpretation  of  treaties,  as  engaged  still 
and  for  the  future  by  its  accession  to  the  said  Treaty  until  the 
expiration  of  a  new  triennial  period. 

The  Government  of  the  King,  so  far  as  it  is  concerned,  does  not 
hesitate  to  associate  itself  with  the  opinion  expressed  by  the  Im- 
perial Government  of  Germany.  The  accession  of  Italy  and  of 
Germany  to  the  secret  Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and 
Rumania  applying  to  Article  5  as  well  as  to  all  the  other  Articles, 
it  is  not  doubtful  that  the  secret  Treaty,  by  the  fact  that  it  was 
not  denounced  in  sufficient  time  by  any  of  the  interested  Parties, 
is  found  prolonged  in  full  force  for  a  further  period  of  three  years, 
and  that  the  obligations  contracted  by  the  two  Powers  which 
have  acceded  thereto  remain  likewise  in  force  for  the  same  period. 

In  begging  Your  Excellency  to  be  good  enough  to  bring  the 
above  to  the  notice  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Government,  in 
reply  to  the  query  which  it  has  addressed  to  us  through  your 
kind  services,  I  avail  myself  of  the  occasion  to  renew  to  you  the 
assurance  of  my  very  high  consideration. 

Visconti  Venosta. 

To  His  Excellency  Baron  Pasetti,  Ambassador  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  Rome. 


184  AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT 

18. 

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT. 

1897- 

to 

Despatch  from  the  Austrian  Government  to  the  Ambassador  in 

St.  Petersburg  containing  the  Agreement  reached  between 

Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  in  regard  to  Balkan  affairs. 

Vienna,  May  8,  1897. l 

Copie 

(Time  depeche  secrete  au  prince  Liechtenstein  a  St.  Petersbourg, 
en  date  de  Vienne,  le  8  mai  1897. 

A  mon  retour  de  St.  Petersbourg  il  me  semble  utile  de  consigner 
dans  un  resume  succinct  les  points  cardinaux  de  1'entente  si 
heureusement  issue  de  1'echange  de  vues  et  d'idees  que  j'ai  eu 
avec  le  comte  Mourawieff  et  dont  les  conclusions  ont  etc  ratifiees 
par  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  et  roi,  notre  auguste  maitre,  et 
1'empereur  Nicolas. 

La  conference  que  les  deux  souverains,  assistes  de  leurs  minis- 
tres  des  affaires  etrangeres,  ont  tenue  au  palais  d'hiver  a  eu  en 
effet  pour  resultat  d'etablir  une  ligne  de  conduite  commune  dans 
les  affaires  d'Orient  qui,  en  tenant  compte  de  la  securite  et  des 
interets  vitaux  des  deux  empires  et  en  ecartant  le  danger  d'une 
concurrence  funeste  pour  la  paix  de  FEurope  sur  le  terrain 
brulant  de  la  presqu'ile  des  Balkans,  nous  permet  d'ores  et  deja 
d'envisager  avec  plus  de  calme  et  de  quietude  les  complications 
politiques  qui,  a  un  moment  donne,  pourraient  se  presenter  dans 
notre  proche  voisinage. 

Basee  sur  un  principe  de  confiance  et  de  loyaute  reciproques, 
cette  entente  renf  erme  tous  les  elements  necessaires  a  une  coopera- 
tion emcace  et  ainsi  comprise,  comme  j'ai  tout  lieu  de  le  croire, 
par  les  deux  cabinets,  elle  offre  en  meme  temps  de  solides  gar- 
anties  pour  la  solution  pacifique  du  probleme  oriental. 

1  Copy:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXII  c,  10. 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT  185 

18. 

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT. 

1897. 


Despatch  from  the  Austrian  Government  to  the  Ambassador  in 

St.  Petersburg  containing  the  Agreement  reached  between 

Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  in  regard  to  Balkan  affairs. 

Vienna,  May  8,  1897. 

Copy 

of  a  secret  despatch  to  Prince  Liechtenstein  at  St.  Petersburg, 
dated  Vienna,  May  8,  1897. 

On  my  return  from  St.  Petersburg  it  seems  to  me  useful  to  set 
down  in  a  short  summary  the  cardinal  points  of  the  understanding 
which  has  so  happily  resulted  from  the  exchange  of  views  and 
ideas  which  I  have  had  with  Count  Mouravieff  and  of  which  the 
conclusions  have  been  ratified  by  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor 
and  King,  our  August  Master,  and  the  Emperor  Nicholas. 

The  conference  which  the  two  Sovereigns,  accompanied  by 
Their  Ministers  of  Foreign  Affairs,  held  at  the  Winter  Palace  has 
had  for  its  practical  result  the  establishment  of  a  common  line 
of  conduct  hi  the  affairs  of  the  Orient,  which,  while  taking  ac- 
count of  the  security  and  of  the  vital  interests  of  the  two  Em- 
pires, and  while  eliminating  the  danger  of  a  rivalry  disastrous 
to  the  peace  of  Europe  on  the  seething  soil  of  the  Balkan  Penin- 
sula, permits  us  now  and  henceforward  to  view  with  more  calm 
and  quiet  the  political  complications  which,  at  a  given  moment, 
may  present  themselves  in  our  immediate  neighborhood. 

Based  on  a  principle  of  reciprocal  confidence  and  loyalty,  this 
understanding  includes  all  the  elements  necessary  to  an  efficacious 
cooperation;  and  thus  understood,  as  I  have  every  reason  to 
believe  it  is,  by  the  two  Cabinets,  it  offers  at  the  same  time  solid 
guaranties  for  the  pacific  solution  of  the  Oriental  problem. 


1 86  AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT 

Ceci  etabli,  je  tiens  a  faire  observer  en  premier  lieu  qu'etant 
tombes  d'accord  sur  la  necessite  de  maintenir  le  statu  quo  actuel 
aussi  longtemps  que  les  circonstances  le  permettront,  nous  nous 
sommes  plus,  le  comte  Mourawieff  et  moi,  a  constater  qu'il 
n'existait  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Russie  aucune  diver- 
gence de  principe  de  nature  a  ecarter  la  possibilite  d'une  entente 
entre  nos  deux  pays  pour  parer  aux  eventualites  qui,  dans  un 
avenir  peut-etre  prochain  pourraient,  bien  centre  notre  gre, 
surgir  sur  la  presqu'ile  balcanique.  Tout  au  contraire.  Apres 
avoir  inurement  examine  la  question  dans  tous  ses  details,  nous 
n'avons  pas  eu  de  peine  a  nous  convaincre  qu'il  serait  aise  de 
concilier  les  interets  des  deux  grands  empires,  a  la  condition 
toutefois  de  dissiper  tout  esprit  de  mefiance  dans  nos  rapports 
et  de  nous  expliquer  en  parfaite  franchise  et  loyaute  sur  les 
principes  qui  devront  dorenavant  regler  notre  conduite. 

Penetres  de  ces  sentiments  nous  nous  sommes  des  lors  attaches 
a  jeter  les  bases  d'un  accord  entre  les  cabinets  de  Vienne  et  de  St. 
Petersbourg,  lequel  approuve  sans  restriction  par  nos  augustes 
souverains,  se  trouve  resume  dans  les  points  suivants: 

i°  II  a  ete  convenu  que  pour  le  cas  ou  le  maintien  du  statu 
quo  actuel  deviendrait  impossible,  l'Autriche-Hongrie  aussi  bien 
que  la  Russie  ecartent  d'avance  tout  esprit  de  conquete  sur  la 
presqu'ile  des  Balkans,  et  qu'elles  sont  decidees  a  faire  respecter 
ce  principe  par  toute  autre  puissance  qui  manifesterait  des  visees 
sur  le  territoire  susmentionne. 

2°-  II  a  ete  egalement  reconnu  que  la  question  de  Constanti- 
nople et  du  territoire  adjacent  ainsi  que  celle  des  detroits  (Dar- 
danelles et  Bosphore),  ayant  un  caractere  eminemment  europeen, 
ne  sont  pas  de  nature  a  faire  1'objet  d'une  entente  separee  entre 
l'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Russie. 

Le  comte  Mourawieff  n'hesita  pas  de  declarer  a  ce  propos  que, 
loin  de  tendre  a  une  modification  quelconque  de  1'etat  de  choses 
present  sanctionne  par  le  traite  de  Paris  et  la  convention  de 
Londres,  le  gouvernement  imperial  tenait  au  contraire  au  main- 
tien integral  des  dispositions  y  relatives  qui  donnaient  pleine  et 
entiere  satisfaction  a  la  Russie  en  interdisant,  par  la  fermeture 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT  187 

This  established,  I  wish  to  bring  to  notice,  in  the  first  place, 
that,  having  come  to  an  agreement  as  to  the  necessity  of  maintain- 
ing the  present  status  quo  as  long  as  circumstances  will  permit, 
we,  Count  Mouravieff  and  I,  were  pleased  to  record  that  there 
existed  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  no  divergence  of 
principle  of  a  nature  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  an  under- 
standing between  our  two  countries  to  guard  against  eventuali- 
ties which,  in  a  perhaps  near  future,  might,  even  against  our 
inclination,  occur  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  Quite  the  contrary. 
After  having  maturely  examined  the  question  in  all  its  details, 
we  had  no  difficulty  in  convincing  ourselves  that  it  would  be  easy 
to  reconcile  the  interests  of  the  two  great  Empires,  on  the  condi- 
tion, however,  of  dissipating  all  spirit  of  mistrust  in  our  relations 
and  of  explaining  to  one  another  in  perfect  frankness  and  loyalty 
the  principles  which  are  to  regulate  our  conduct  henceforth. 

Imbued  with  these  sentiments,  we  thenceforth  applied  our- 
selves to  establishing  the  bases  of  an  agreement  between  the 
Cabinets  of  Vienna  and  of  St.  Petersburg,  which,  approved  with- 
out restriction  by  our  August  Sovereigns,  is  found  hi  summary 
in  the  following  points: 

1 .  It  was  agreed  that,  in  case  the  maintenance  of  the  present 
status   quo  becomes  impossible,   Austria-Hungary  and  Russia 
discard  in  advance  all  idea  of  conquest  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula, 
and  that  they  are  decided  to  make  this  principle  respected  by 
every  other  Power  which  might  manifest  designs  on  the  above- 
mentioned  territory. 

2.  It  was  equally  recognized  that  the  question  of  Constanti- 
nople and  of  the  adjacent  territory  as  well  as  that  of  the  Straits 
(Dardanelles  and  Bosphorus),  having  an  eminently  European 
character,  is  not  of  a  nature  to  be  made  the  object  of  a  separate 
understanding  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia. 

Count  Mouravieff  did  not  hesitate  to  declare  in  this  connection 
that,  far  from  striving  for  any  modification  of  the  present  state 
of  things,  sanctioned  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris  and  the  Convention 
of  London,  the  Imperial  Government  held,  on  the  contrary,  to 
the  complete  maintenance  of  the  provisions  relative  thereto, 


1 88  AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT 

des  detroits,  I'acces  de  la  mer  Noire  aux  bailments  de  guerre 
etrangers. 

En  ne  pouvant  admettre  de  concession  sur  ce  point,  le  cabinet 
de  St.  Petersbourg  ne  faisait  que  ceder  a  un  principe  de  legitime 
securite,  principe  dont  la  reconnaissance  de  notre  part  lui  fut 
acquise  de  prime  abord. 

3°-  L'etablissement,  par  centre,  d'un  nouvel  ordre  de  choses  sur 
la  presqu'ile  des  Balkans,  en  dehors  de  Constantinople  et  des 
detroits,  donnerait  lieu,  le  cas  echeant,  a  une  stipulation  speciale 
entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Russie  qui,  principalement  interes- 
sees  au  reglement  de  cette  question,  se  declarent  disposees  a  agir 
d'un  commun  accord  en  fixant  des  maintenant  les  bases  de  leur 
entente,  a  savoir: 

a.)  Les  avantages  territoriaux,  reconnus  a  1'Autriche-Hongrie 
par  le  traite  de  Berlin,  lui  sont  et  demeurent  acquis.  Par  conse- 
quent, la  possession  de  la  Bosnie,  de  1'Hercegovine  et  du  sandjak 
de  Novibazar  ne  pourra  faire  1'objet  d'une  discussion  quelconque, 
le  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  I.  et  R.  A.  se  reservant  la  faculte  de 
substituer,  le  moment  venu,  au  titre  actuel  d'occupation  et  de 
droit  de  garnison  celui  d'annexion. 

b.)  La  partie  comprise  entre  Janina  au  midi  et  le  lac  de  Scutari 
au  nord  avec  un  developpement  suffisant  du  cote  de  1'est,  formera 
un  etat  independant  sous  le  nom  de  principaute  d'Albanie,  a 
1'exclusion  de  toute  domination  etrangere. 

c.)  Le  reste  du  territoire  disponible  fera  1'objet  d'un  partage 
equitable  entre  les  differents  petits  etats  balcaniques  existants, 
partage  au  sujet  duquel  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Russie  se  reser- 
vent  de  s'entendre  en  temps  utile.  Disposees  a  prendre  en  con- 
sideration dans  la  mesure  du  possible  les  interets  legitimes  des 
participants,  elles  sont  decidees  d'autre  part  a  sauvegarder  le 
principe  de  1'equilibre  actuel  et  d'ecarter;  serait-ce  au  moyen  de 
rectifications  de  frontieres,  toute  combinaison  qui  favoriserait 
1'etablissement  d'une  preponderance  marquee  de  telle  principaute 
balcanique  au  detriment  des  autres. 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT  189 

which  gave  full  and  entire  satisfaction  to  Russia  in  prohibiting, 
by  the  closing  of  the  Straits,  access  to  the  Black  Sea  to  foreign 
war  vessels. 

In  its  inability  to  adtait  of  concession  on  this  point,  the  Cabinet 
of  St.  Petersburg  was  only  guided  by  a  principle  of  legitimate 
security,  a  principle  the  recognition  of  which  was  accorded  by 
us  from  the  outset. 

3.  On  the  other  hand,  the  establishment  of  a  new  order  of 
things  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  outside  Constantinople  and  the 
Straits,  would,  in  case  it  should  occur,  give  rise  to  a  special  stipu- 
lation between  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia,  who,  being  chiefly 
interested  in  the  settlement  of  this  question,  declare  themselves 
disposed  to  act  in  common  accord  in  fixing  henceforth  the  bases 
of  their  understanding,  to  wit: 

a.  The  territorial  advantages,  accorded  to  Austria-Hungary 
by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  are  and  remain  acquired  by  her.    In  con- 
sequence, the  possession  of  Bosnia,  of  Herzegovina,  and  of  the 
Sanjak  of  Novibazar  may  not  be  made  the  object  of  any  discus- 
sion whatsoever,  the  Government  of  His  Imperial  and  Royal 
Apostolic  Majesty  reserving  to  itself  the  right  of  substituting, 
when  the  moment  arrives,  for  the  present  status  of  occupation 
and  of  right  of  garrisoning  that  of  annexation. 

b.  The  part  comprised  between  Janina  to  the  south  and  the 
Lake  of  Scutari  to  the  north,  with  a  sufficient  extension  on  the 
east  side,  shall  form  an  independent  state  under  the  name  of  the 
principality  of  Albania,  to  the  exclusion  of  every  foreign  domi- 
nation. 

c.  The  rest  of  the  territory  to  be  disposed  of  shall  be  the  ob- 
ject of  an  equitable  partition  between  the  different  small  existing 
Balkan  States,  a  partition  on  the  subject  of  which  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Russia  reserve  the  right  of  being  heard  in  good 
time.    While  inclined  to  take  into  consideration  as  far  as  possible 
the  legitimate  interests  of  the  participants,  they  are  resolved,  on 
the  other  hand,  to  safeguard  the  principle  of  the  present  equilib- 
rium, and,  if  need  be  by  means  of  rectifications  of  frontiers,  to 
exclude  every  combination  which  would  favor  the  establishment 


190  AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT 

d.)  Ayant  enfin  constate  que  nos  deux  cabinets  n'ont  d'autre 
objectif  sur  la  presqu'ile  des  Balkans  que  le  maintien,  la  consolida- 
tion et  le  developpement  pacifique  des  petits  etats  qui  s'y  trouvent 
etablis,  nous  sommes  convenus  de  poursuivre  dorenavant  sur  ce 
terrain  une  politique  de  parfaite  harmonic  et  d'eviter  par  con- 
sequent tout  ce  qui  pourrait  engendrer  parmi  nous  des  elements 
de  froissement  ou  de  mefiance. 

Tel  est,  mon  prince,  le  resume  des  pourparlers  de  St.  Peters- 
bourg  que  je  crois  avoir  reproduits  aussi  fidelement  que  possible. 

Je  ne  doute  pas  un  moment  que  le  comte  Mourawieff  vous  en 
confirmera  1'exactitude  et  c'est  a  cet  effet  que  je  vous  invite,  a 
lui  donner  lecture  de  ma  presente  depeche  dont  vous  lui  laisserez 
une  copie  entre  les  mains  avec  priere  de  vous  en  accuser  reception. 

Recevez  etc. 


Note  of  the  Russian  Government  to  the  Austrian  Ambassador  in 
St.  Petersburg  in  regard  to  the  Balkan  Agreement.2 

St.  Petersbourg,  le  5  (17)  mai  1897. 
Monsieur  1'ambassadeur, 

La  depeche  secrete  que  Mr.  le  comte  Goluchowski  a  adresse  a 
V.  A.  en  date  de  Vienne  le  8  mai  courant,  et  dont  vous  avez  bien 
voulu  me  faire  parvenir  une  copie,  resume  en  traits  generaux 
1'echange  de  vues  et  d'idees  auquel  a  donne  lieu  le  recent  sejour  en 
Russie  de  S.  M.  l'empereur-roi  Francois-  Joseph  et  de  son  ministre 
des  affaires  etrangeres. 

Je  crois  devoir  repondre  a  cette  obligeante  communication  par 
un  expose  succinct  des  impressions  que  j'en  ai  recueillies,  arm 
d'ecarter  toute  possibilite  d'un  malentendu  dans  nos  apprecia- 
tions. 

Ainsi  que  le  constate  Mr.  le  comte  Goluchowski,  nous  sommes 
"  tombes  d'accord  sur  la  necessite  de  maintenir  "  dans  la  presqu'ile 
balcanique  "le  statu  quo  actuel,  aussi  longtemps  que  les  circon- 

2  Original:   Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXII  c,  n.  26. 
The  quotations  in  this  despatch  do  not  correspond  verbatim  to  the  similar  pass- 
ages in  the  preceding  despatch. 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT  191 

of  a  marked  preponderance  of  any  particular  Balkan  principality 
to  the  detriment  of  the  others. 

d.  Having  finally  recorded  that  our  two  Cabinets  have  no 
other  objective  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula  than  the  maintenance, 
the  consolidation,  and  the  pacific  development  of  the  small 
States  established  there,  we  agreed  to  pursue  in  future  in  this 
field  a  policy  of  perfect  harmony,  and  to  avoid  in  consequence 
everything  which  might  engender  between  us  the  elements  of 
conflict  or  of  mistrust. 

Such  is,  Prince,  the  summary  of  the  conferences  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, which  I  believe  I  have  reproduced  as  faithfully  as  possible. 

I  do  not  doubt  for  a  moment  that  Count  Mouravieff  will  con- 
firm its  exactness  to  you ;  and  it  is  for  that  reason  that  I  ask  you 
to  let  him  read  my  present  despatch,  a  copy  of  which  you  should 
leave  in  his  hands  with  the  request  that  he  acknowledge  its 
receipt. 

Accept,  etc. 

0) 

Note  of  the  Russian  Government  to  the  Austrian  Ambassador  in 
St.  Petersburg  in  regard  to  the  Balkan  Agreement. 

St.  Petersburg,  May  5  (17),  1897. 
Mr.  Ambassador, 

The  secret  despatch  which  Count  Goluchowski  addressed  to 
Your  Highness  under  date  of  Vienna,  May  8  instant,  and  a  copy 
of  which  you  have  been  kind  enough  to  send  me,  summarizes,  in 
general  terms,  the  exchange  of  views  and  of  ideas  to  which  the 
recent  stay  in  Russia  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor-King  Francis 
Joseph  and  of  his  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  gave  rise. 

I  feel  that  I  ought  to  reply  to  this  kind  communication  by  a 
succinct  statement  of  the  impressions  which  I  received  from  it, 
in  order  to  eliminate  any  possibility  of  a  misunderstanding  in  our 
conceptions. 

As  Count  Goluchowski  states,  we  "came  to  an  agreement  as 
to  the  necessity  of  maintaining  the  present  status  quo  in  the  Bal- 
kan Peninsula,  as  long  as  circumstances  will  permit,"  and  we 


192  AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT 

stances  le  permettront,"  et  nous  avons  reconnu  qu'il  n'existait 
entre  la  Russie  et  I'Autriche-Hongrie  aucune  divergence  de  prin- 
cipe,  ni  le  moindre  motif  de  defiance.  Des  lors,  il  nous  a  paru 
evident  "que  les  interets  des  deux  empires  pourraient  tou jours 
etre  concilies  au  moyen  de  franches  et  loyales  explications." 

II  a  ete  convenu  que,  pour  le  cas  ou,  malgre  tous  nos  efforts, 
le  statu  quo  actuel  de  la  presqu'ile  balcanique  ne  pourrait  plus 
e"tre  maintenu,  "la  Russie  aussi  bien  que  I'Autriche-Hongrie 
ecartent  d'avance  tout  esprit  de  conquete  et  qu'elles  sont  decidees 
a  faire  respecter  ce  principe  par  toute  autre  puissance  qui  mani- 
festerait  des  visees  contraires." 

La  Russie  ne  pouvant  admettre  la  moindre  atteinte  aux  dis- 
positions relatives  a  la  fermeture  des  detroits  du  Bosphore  et  des 
Dardanelles,  consacree  par  les  traites  existants,  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  "reconnait  de  prime  abord  la  parfaite  legitimite  de  ce 
principe." 

Par  centre,  "  1'etablissement  d'un  nouvel  ordre  de  choses  sur  la 
presqu'ile  des  Balkans  donnerait  lieu,  le  cas  echeant,  a  une 
stipulation  speciale  entre  I'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Russie." 

Le  comte  Goluchowski,  dans  sa  note  du  8  mai,  fixe,  des  a 
present,  comme  base  d'une  pareille  entente  les  quatre  points 
suivants: 

a)  "Les  avantages  reconnus  a  I'Autriche-Hongrie  par  le  traite 
de  Berlin,  lui  sont  et  demeurent  acquis." 

En  souscrivant  a  ce  principe,  nous  croyons  devoir  observer,  que 
le  traite  de  Berlin  assure  a  I'Autriche-Hongrie  le  droit  d'occuper 
militairement  la  Bosnie  et  FHerzegovine.  L'annexion  de  ces  deux 
provinces  souleverait  une  question  plus  etendue  qui  exigerait  un 
examen  special  en  temps  et  lieux.  Quant  au  sandjak  de  Novi- 
bazar,  il  y  aurait  de  plus  a  en  preciser  les  limites  qui,  de  fait, 
n'ont  jamais  ete  suffisamment  defmies. 

II  nous  semble,  que  les  points  b.  et  c.,  ayant  trait  a  la  formation 
eventuelle  d'une  principaute  d'Albanie  et  au  partage  equitable 
de  tout  le  territoire  disponible  entre  les  differents  petits  etats  bal- 
caniques,  touchent  a  des  questions  d'avenir  sur  lesquelles  il  serait 
premature  et  bien  difficile  de  statuer  actuellement. 

Quant  au  point  d.,  portant:   "ayant  enfin  constate  que  nos 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT  193 

recognized  that  there  exists  between  Russia  and  Austria-Hungary 
no  divergence  of  principle,  nor  the  least  reason  for  distrust. 
Therefore,  it  seemed  evident  to  us  "that  the  interests  of  the  two 
Empires  could  always  be  reconciled  by  means  of  frank  and  loyal 
explanations." 

It  was  agreed  that,  in  case,  hi  spite  of  all  our  efforts,  the  present 
status  quo  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  can  no  longer  be  maintained, 
"Russia  and  Austria-Hungary  discard  hi  advance  all  idea  of 
conquest;  and  they  are  decided  to  make  this  principle  respected 
by  every  other  Power  which  should  manifest  contrary  designs.  ' 

As  Russia  is  unable  to  admit  the  least  infringement  of  the  pro- 
visions relative  to  the  closing  of  the  Straits  of  the  Bosphorus  and 
of  the  Dardanelles,  as  sanctioned  by  existing  treaties,  Austria- 
Hungary  "recognizes  from  the  outset  the  perfect  legitimacy  of 
this  principle." 

On  the  other  hand,  "  the  establishment  of  a  new  order  of  things 
in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  hi  case  it  should  occur,  would  give  rise 
to  a  special  stipulation  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia." 

Count  Goluchowski,  in  his  note  of  May  8,  fixed,  henceforth,  as 
a  basis  of  such  an  understanding,  the  four  following  points: 

a.  "The  advantages  accorded  to  Austria-Hungary  by  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin  are  and  remain  acquired  by  her." 

In  subscribing  to  this  principle,  we  deem  it  necessary  to  ob- 
serve that  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  assures  to  Austria-Hungary  the 
right  of  military  occupation  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  The 
annexation  of  these  two  provinces  would  raise  a  more  extensive 
question,  which  would  require  special  scrutiny  at  the  proper 
times  and  places.  As  to  the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar,  there  would 
also  be  the  necessity  to  specify  its  boundaries,  which,  indeed,  have 
never  been  sufficiently  defined. 

It  seems  to  us  that  points  b  and  c,  having  regard  to  the  eventual 
formation  of  a  principality  of  Albania  and  to  the  equitable  par- 
tition of  all  the  territory  to  be  disposed  of  between  the  different 
small  Balkan  States,  touch  upon  questions  of  the  future  which 
it  would  be  premature  and  very  difficult  to  decide  at  present. 

As  to  point  d,  providing:  "having  finally  recorded  that  our 
two  Cabinets  have  no  other  objective  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula 


deux  cabinets  n'ont  d'autre  objectif  sur  la  presqu'ile  des  Balkans 
que  le  maintien,  la  consolidation  et  le  developpement  pacifique 
des  petits  etats  qui  s'y  trouvent  etablis,  nous  sommes  convenus  de 
poursuivre  dorenavant,  sur  ce  terrain,  une  politique  de  parfaite 
harmonie  et  d'eviter,  par  consequent,  tout  ce  qui  pourrait  en- 
gendrer  parmi  nous  des  elements  de  froissement  ou  de  mefiance" 
—  ce  point  repond  entierement  aux  vues  de  1'empereur  mon  au- 
guste  maitre. 

Je  prie  V.  A.  de  vouloir  bien  porter  tout  ce  qui  precede  a  la 
connaissance  de  Mr.  le  comte  Goluchowski,  qui  relevera,  je 
1'espere,  malgre  les  quelques  nuances  d'interpretation  que  je  me 
suis  fait  un  devoir  de  vous  signaler,  la  parfaite  conformite  de 
notre  maniere  de  voir  quant  aux  grandes  lignes  politiques  si 
heureusement  etablies  lors  de  notre  recente  entrevue. 

Veuillez  agreer,  Mr.  1'ambassadeur,  1'assurance  de  ma  haute 
consideration. 

Comte  Mouravieff. 

S.  A.  S.  le  prince  de  Liechtenstein  etc.  etc.  etc. 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  BALKAN  AGREEMENT  195 

than  the  maintenance,  the  consolidation,  and  the  pacific  develop- 
ment of  the  small  States  established  there,  we  agreed  to  pursue 
in  future  in  this  field  a  policy  of  perfect  harmony,  and  to  avoid 
in  consequence  everything  which  might  engender  between  us 
elements  of  conflict  or  of  mistrust"  —  this  point  answers  entirely 
to  the  views  of  the  Emperor,  my  August  Master. 

I  beg  Your  Highness  to  be  kind  enough  to  bring  all  the  above 
to  the  knowledge  of  Count  Goluchowski;  who,  I  trust,  will  re- 
mark, in  spite  of  some  slight  differences  of  interpretation  which 
I  have  felt  it  my  duty  to  call  to  your  attention,  the  perfect  con- 
formity in  our  way  of  looking  at  things,  so  far  as  regards  the 
broad  political  lines  so  happily  laid  down  during  our  recent 
interview. 

Accept,  Mr.  Ambassador,  the  assurance  of  my  high  considera- 
tion. 

Count  Mouravieff. 

His  Most  Serene  Highness  the  Prince  of  Liechtenstein,  etc., 
etc.,  etc. 


196      AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  AS  TO  ALBANIA 

19. 

AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  CONCERNING 
ALBANIA.     1900. 

(a) 

Despatch  of  the  Italian  Government  to  the  Ambassador  in  Vienna 

containing  the  Agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy 

in  regard  to  Albania.    Rome,  December  20,  /poo.1 

S.  E.  Mr.  le  comte  Nigra,  ambassadeur  dTtalie,  Vienna. 

Copie. 

Roma,  addi  20  decembre  1900. 
Monsieur  I'ambassadeur, 

J'appelle  1'attention  de  V.  E.  sur  ma  reponse  a  1'interpellation 
qui  m'a  etc  recemment  adressee,  a  la  chambre  des  deputes,  au 
sujet  de  1'Albanie.  Void  le  texte  de  cette  reponse: 

"Je  puis  assurer  que  le  gouvernement  italien  et  le  gouverne- 
ment  austro-hongrois  ont  eu  1'occasion  de  considerer  leurs  interets 
sur  les  c6tes  ottomanes  de  1'Adriatique  et  de  reconaitre  que  ces 
interets  trouvent  leur  sauvegarde  dans  le  respect,  dans  le  maintien 
du  status  quo." 

Je  crois  utile  que  vous  portiez  mes  declarations  a  la  connais- 
sance  de  S.  E.  Mr.  le  comte  Goluchowski.  Je  ne  doute  pas  que  le 
ministre  I.  et  R.  des  affaires  etrangeres  les  trouvera  conformes  a 
Tentente  qui  s'etait  etablie  entre  lui  et  moi,  sur  ce  sujet,  a  Toc- 
casion  de  la  visite  a  Monza  en  1897.  Dans  1'echange  de  vues  qui 
cut  lieu  dans  nos  entretiens  par  rapport  a  cette  question,  nous 
nous  sommes  trouves  d'accord  sur  les  points  suivants: 

i°  Maintenir  le  status  quo  aussi  longtemps  que  les  circon- 
stances  le  permettraient; 

2°  employer  nos  efforts,  au  cas  ou  1'etat  de  choses  actuel  ne 
pourrait  etre  conserve,  et  ou  des  changements  s'imposeraient, 
afin  que  les  modifications  y  relatives  se  realisent  dans  le  sens  de 
1'autonomie; 

1  Copy:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXV,  i. 


AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  AS  TO  ALBANIA      197 

19. 

AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  CONCERNING 
ALBANIA.     1900. 


Despatch  of  the  Italian  Government  to  the  Ambassador  in  Vienna 

containing  the  Agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy 

in  regard  to  Albania.    Rome,  December  20,  IQOO. 

His  Excellency  Count  Nigra,  Ambassador  of  Italy,  Vienna. 

Copy. 

Rome,  December  20,  1900. 
Mr.  Ambassador, 

I  call  the  attention  of  Your  Excellency  to  my  reply  to  an  in- 
terpellation recently  addressed  to  me  in  the  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties on  the  subject  of  Albania.  Here  is  the  text  of  that  reply: 

"  I  am  able  to  give  the  assurance  that  the  Italian  Government 
and  the  Austro-Hungarian  Government  have  had  occasion  to 
consider  their  interests  on  the  Ottoman  coasts  of  the  Adriatic 
and  to  recognize  that  these  interests  find  their  safeguard  in  re- 
spect for,  and  in  the  maintenance  of,  the  status  quo." 

I  think  it  would  be  useful  for  you  to  bring  my  declarations  to 
the  knowledge  of  His  Excellency  Count  Goluchowski.  I  have  no 
doubt  that  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs 
will  find  them  in  conformity  with  the  understanding  which  was 
established  between  him  and  me  on  this  subject  on  the  occasion 
of  the  visit  at  Monza  in  1897.  In  tne  exchange  of  views  which 
took  place  during  our  conversations  in  respect  to  this  question, 
we  found  ourselves  agreed  upon  the  following  points: 

1.  To  maintain  the  status  quo  as  long  as  circumstances  per- 
mitted ; 

2.  In  case  the  present  state  of  affairs  could  not  be  preserved, 
or  in  case  changes  should  be  imperative,  to  use  our  efforts  to  the 
end  that  the  modifications  relative  thereto  should  be  made  in  the 
direction  of  autonomy; 


198      AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  AS  TO  ALBANIA 

3°-  en  general,  et  comme  disposition  mutuelle  de  part  et 
d'autre,  rechercher  en  commun,  et  toutes  les  fois  qu'il  y  aurait 
lieu,  les  voies  et  moyens  les  plus  propres  a  concilier  et  a  sauve- 
garder  nos  interets  reciproques. 

J'attacherais  du  prix  a  etre  assure  que  le  comte  Goluchowski 
voit,  comme  moi,  dans  ce  qui  precede,  le  resume  fidele  de  la  sub- 
stance de  ce  qui  a  ete  convenu  entre  nous  a  ce  sujet.  J'autorise, 
en  consequence,  V.  E.  a  lui  communiquer  cette  depeche. 

Veuillez  agreer,  Mr.  1'ambassadeur,  1'assurance  de  ma  haute 
consideration. 

(signe)  Visconti  Venosta. 


Despatch  in  acknowledgment  from  the  Austrian  Government  to  the 
Ambassador  in  Rome.     Vienna,  February  9,  1901? 

Seiner  Majestat  unterbreitetes  3 

Projet 
d'une  depeche  strictement  confidentielle  au  baron  Pasetti  a  Rome. 

A  son  retour  de  Rome,  le  comte  Nigra  a  attire  mon  attention 
sur  la  reponse  donnee  par  S.  E.  le  mmistre  des  affaires  etrangeres 
du  royaume  d'ltalie  a  1'interpellation  qui  lui  a  ete  recemment 
adressee  a  la  chambre  des  deputes  au  sujet  de  1'Albanie  et  a 
exprime  en  meme  temps  1'espoir  que  je  trouverai  les  declarations 
qu'elle  renferme  conformes  aux  principes  sur  lesquels  nous  sommes 
tombes  d'accord  en  1897  lors  de  mon  entrevue  avec  le  marquis 
Visconti-  Venosta  au  chateau  de  Monza. 

Dans  1'echange  de  vues  strictement  confidentiel  qui  eut  lieu 
dans  nos  entretiens  par  rapport  a  cette  question  nous  avons 
reconnu  en  effet  la  necessite 

i°  de  maintenir  le  statu  quo  aussi  longtemps  que  les  circon- 
stances  le  permettraient, 

2°  d'employer  nos  efforts,  au  cas  ou  1'etat  de  choses  actuel 
ne  pourrait  etre  conserve,  et  ou  des  changements  s'imposeraient, 

2  Copy:  ibid. 

3  These  words  are  added  as  a  note  by  the  Keeper  of  the  Archives,  Ministerialrat 


AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  AS  TO  ALBANIA      199 

3.  In  general,  and  as  a  mutual  disposition  on  both  sides,  to  seek 
in  common,  and  as  often  as  there  is  a  reason  for  it,  the  most  ap- 
propriate ways  and  means  to  reconcile  and  to  safeguard  our 
reciprocal  interests. 

I  should  appreciate  being  assured  that  Count  Goluchowski, 
like  myself,  sees  in  the  preceding  the  faithful  summary  of  the 
substance  of  what  was  agreed  between  us  upon  this  subject.  In 
consequence,  I  authorize  Your  Excellency  to  communicate  this 
despatch  to  him. 

Accept,  Mr.  Ambassador,  the  assurance  of  my  high  considera- 
tion. 

(signed)     Visconti  Venosta. 

(*) 

Despatch  in  acknowledgment  from  the  Austrian  Government  to  the 
Ambassador  in  Rome.     Vienna,  February  9,  IQOI. 

Submitted  to  His  Majesty3 

Draft 

of  a  strictly  confidential  despatch  to  Baron  Pasetti  at  Rome. 

On  his  return  from  Rome,  Count  Nigra  directed  my  attention 
to  the  reply  given  by  His  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Af- 
fairs of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy  to  the  interpellation  recently  ad- 
dressed to  him  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  on  the  subject  of 
Albania;  and  at  the  same  time  expressed  the  hope  that  I  might 
find  the  declarations  which  it  contains  in  conformity  with  the 
principles  upon  which  we  came  to  an  agreement  in  1897  at  the 
time  of  my  interview  with  Marquis  Visconti- Venosta  at  the 
Castle  of  Monza. 

In  the  strictly  confidential  exchange  of  views  which  took 
place  in  our  conversations  in  respect  to  that  question,  we  recog- 
nized in  effect  the  necessity 

1.  Of  maintaining  the  status  quo  as  long  as  circumstances 
permitted; 

2.  In  case  the  present  state  of  affairs  could  not  be  preserved, 
or  in  case  changes  should  be  imperative,  of  using  our  efforts  to  the 

Baron  von  Pirquet,with  the  remark:  "An  Freih.  v.  Pasetti  nach  Rom  ergangen  sub 
9.  2.  1901,  Nr.  78"  ("Sent  to  Rome  to  Baron  Pasetti,  February  9, 1901,  No.  78".) 


200      AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  AS  TO  ALBANIA 

a  ce  que  les  modifications  y  relatives  se  realisent  dans  le  sens  de 
1'autonomie,  tout  comme  nous  avons  constate;  en  general, 

3°  la  disposition  de  part  et  d'autre  de  rechercher  en  commun, 
et  toutes  les  fois  qu'il  y  aurait  lieu,  les  voies  et  moyens  les  plus 
propres  a  concilier  et  a  sauvegarder  nos  interets  reciproques. 

Etant  donne  ce  qui  precede,  je  me  plais  done  a  etablir  que 
I'enonciation  du  marquis  Visconti-Venosta  a  etc  accueillie  avec 
une  vive  satisfaction  par  le  cabinet  I.  et  R.  et  en  vous  priant,  Mr. 
le  baron,  d'en  faire  part  a  S.  E.  le  ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres 
je  saisis  cette  occasion  etc. 


AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  AS  TO  ALBANIA      2OI 

end  that  the  modifications  relative  thereto  should  be  made  in  the 
direction  of  autonomy,  just  as  we  have  decided;  in  general, 

3.  The  disposition  on  both  sides  to  seek  in  common,  and  as 
often  as  there  is  a  reason  for  it,  the  most  appropriate  ways  and 
means  to  reconcile  and  to  safeguard  our  reciprocal  interests. 

Such  being  the  case,  I  am  pleased  to  state  that  the  pronounce- 
ment of  Marquis  Visconti-Venosta  has  been  received  with  b'vely 
satisfaction  by  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Cabinet;  and  requesting 
you,  my  dear  Baron,  to  inform  his  Excellency  the  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs  of  this,  I  avail  myself  of  this  occasion,  etc. 


202  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

2O. 

THIRD    TREATY    OF    ALLIANCE    OF    RUMANIA 

WITH    AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,    GERMANY, 

AND   ITALY.     1902. 


Treaty   between   Austria-Hungary   and   Rumania   renewing   the 
Alliances  of  i8g2  and  1896.    Bucharest,  April  4/17,  ipos.1 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie,  et  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  animes  d'un  egal 
*  desir  de  maintenir  la  paix  generale  conformement  au  but  pour- 
'suivi  par  Falliance  austro-hongroise-allemande,  d'assurer  1'ordre 
'politique  et  de  garantir  centre  toutes  les  eventualites  la  parfaite 
'amitie  qui  les  lie,'  ayant  pris  en  consideration  les  stipulations  du 
traite  signe  a  cette  fin  le  25  juillet  1892  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie 
et  la  Roumanie,  'traite  qui  par  sa  nature  essentiellement  con- 
'servatrice  et  defensive  ne  poursuit  que  le  but  de  les  premunir 
'centre  les  dangers  qui  pourraient  menacer  la  paix  de  leurs  etats; 
et  desirant  constater  une  fois  de  plus  1'entente  etablie  entre  L.  L. 
M.  M.  en  prevision  de  certaines  eventualites  mentionnees  dan& 
le  traite  du  25  juillet  1892  dont  la  duree  a  etc  prolongee  jusqu'au 
25  juillet  1903  par  le  protocole  signe  a  Sinaia  le  30  septembre 
1896,  ont  resolu  de  renouveler  et  de  confirmer  par  un  nouvel 
accord  les  engagements  contenus  dans  le  susdit  traite. 

'A  cet  effet  L.  L.  dites  M.  M.  ont  nomme  pour  leurs  plenipo- 
'tentiaires,  savoir: 

S.  M.  Fempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie: 

le  sieur  Jean  marquis  Pallavicini,  son  chambellan,  envoye 
extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de 
Roumanie,.  commandeur  de  1'ordre  imperial  autrichien  de 
Francois  Joseph  avec  plaque,  chevalier  de  1'ordre  autrichien 
imperial  de  Leopold, 

1  Original :  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  33, 
Geheimakten,  XXXIV  a. 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  203 


2O. 


THIRD  TREATY  OF  ALLIANCE  OF  RUMANIA 

WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  GERMANY, 

AND  ITALY.     1902. 


Treaty   between   Austria-Hungary   and   Rumania   renewing   the 
Alliances  of  1892  and  1896.    Bucharest,  April  4/17,  1902. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Rumania,  animated  by  an  equal  desire  to  maintain  the  general 
peace,  in  conformity  with  the  purpose  pursued  by  the  Austro- 
Hungarian  and  German  Alliance,  to  assure  the  political  order, 
and  to  guarantee  against  all  eventualities  the  perfect  friendship 
which  binds  Them  together,  having  taken  into  consideration  the 
stipulations  of  the  Treaty  signed  to  this  end  on  July  25,  1892,  be- 
tween Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania,  a  Treaty  which  by  its 
essentially  conservative  and  defensive  nature  pursues  only  the 
aim  of  forestalling  the  dangers  which  might  menace  the  peace  of 
their  States,  and  desiring  to  record  once  more  the  understanding 
established  between  Their  Majesties  in  prospect  of  certain 
eventualities  mentioned  in  the  Treaty  of  July  25,  1892,  the  dura- 
tion of  which  has  been  prolonged  until  July  25,  1903,  by  the 
Protocol  signed  at  Sinaia  on  September  30,  1896,  have  resolved 
to  renew  and  to  confirm  by  a  new  agreement  the  engagements 
contained  in  the  aforesaid  Treaty. 

For  this  purpose  Their  said  Majesties  have  named  as  Their 
Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary: 

the  Sieur  John  Marquis  Pallavicini,  His  Chamberlain,  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Rumania,  Commander  of  the  Imperial  Austrian  Order  of 
Francis  Joseph  with  medal,  Chevalier  of  the  Imperial  Austrian 
Order  of  Leopold, 


204  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie: 

le  sieur  Demetre  A.  Sturdza,  president  du  conseil  des  ministres, 
son  ministre  des  finances  et  ad  interim  a  la  guerre,  grand-croix 
des  ordres  de  1'etoile  de  Roumanie,  de  la  couronne  de  Roumanie 
et  de  1'ordre  autrichien  imperial  de  Leopold  en  brillants,  chevalier 
de  ifere  classe  de  1'ordre  autrichien  imperial  de  la  couronne  de  fer, 
'lesquels  apres  s'etre  communiques  leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves 
'en  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Sont  renouvelees  et  confirmees  de  commun  accord  les  stipula- 
tions contenues  dans  les  articles  i,  2,  3,  4,  et  6  du  traite  signe  le 
25  juillet  1892  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Roumanie,  et  dont 
le  texte  suit  ci-apres : 

ARTICLE  i. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  paix  et  amitie 
'  et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engagement  dirige  centre 
Tun  de  leurs  etats.  Elles  s'engagent  a  suivre  une  politique 
'amicale  et  a  se  preter  un  appui  mutuel  dans  la  limite  de  leurs 
'  interets. 

ARTICLE  2. 

1  Si  la  Roumanie,  sans  provocation  aucune  de  sa  part,  venait  a 
'etre  attaquee,  1'Autriche-Hongrie  est  tenue  a  lui  porter  en  temps 
'utile  secours  et  assistance  centre  1'agresseur.  Si  1'Autriche- 
'Hongrie  etait  attaquee  dans  les  memes  circonstances  dans  une 
'partie  de  ses  etats  limitrophe  a  la  Roumanie,  le  casus  foederis  se 
'presentera  aussitot  pour  cette  derniere. 

ARTICLE  3. 

'Si  une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  trouvait  menacee 
'd'une  agression  dans  les  conditions  susmentionnees,  les  gouverne- 
'ments  respectifs  se  mettront  d'accord  sur  les  mesures  a  prendre 
'en  vue  d'une  cooperation  de  leurs  armees.  Ces  questions  mili- 
'taires,  notamment  celle  de  1'unite  des  operations  et  du  passage 
'des  territoires  respectifs,  seront  reglees  par  une  convention 
'militaire. 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  205 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania: 

the  Sieur  Demetrius  A.  Sturdza,  President  of  the  Council  of 
Ministers,  His  Minister  of  Finance  and  ad  interim  for  War, 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Orders  of  the  Star  of  Rumania,  of  the  Crown 
of  Rumania,  and  of  the  Imperial  Austrian  Order  of  Leopold  in 
brilliants,  Chevalier  of  the  First  Class  of  the  Imperial  Austrian 
Order  of  the  Iron  Crown,  who,  after  having  communicated  to 
each  other  their  full  powers,  found  in  good  and  due  form,  have 
agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Renewed  and  confirmed  by  common  agreement  are  the  stipu- 
lations contained  in  Articles  i,  2,  3,  4,  and  6  of  the  Treaty  signed 
on  July  25,  1892,  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania,  and 
the  text  of  which  follows  below: 

ARTICLE  i. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  promise  one  another  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States.  They  engage  to  follow  a  friendly 
policy,  and  to  lend  one  another  mutual  support  within  the  limits 
of  their  interests. 

ARTICLE  2. 

If  Rumania,  without  any  provocation  on  her  part,  should  be 
attacked,  Austria-Hungary  is  bound  to  bring  her  in  ample  time 
help  and  assistance  against  the  aggressor.  If  Austria-Hungary 
be  attacked  under  the  same  circumstances  in  a  portion  of  her 
states  bordering  on  Rumania,  the  casus  foederis  will  immediately 
arise  for  the  latter. 

ARTICLE  3. 

If  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should  find  itself 
threatened  by  an  aggression  under  the  abovementioned  condi- 
tions, the  respective  Governments  shall  put  themselves  in  agree- 
ment as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  with  a  view  to  a  cooperation 
of  their  armies.  These  military  questions,  especially  that  of  the 
unity  of  operations  and  of  passage  through  the  respective  terri- 
tories, shall  be  regulated  by  a  military  convention. 


206  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

ARTICLE  4. 

'Si  contrairement  a  leur  desir  et  espoir  les  hautes  parties  con- 
'  tractantes  etaient  forcees  a  une  guerre  commune  dans  les  circon- 
'  stances  prevues  par  les  articles  precedents,  elles  s'engagent  a 
'ne  negocier  ni  conclure  separement  la  paix. 


ARTICLE  6.2 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 

*  le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Les  articles  ci-dessus  reproduits  resteront  en  vigueur  pour  une 
nouvelle  periode  de  cinq  ans  a  partir  du  25  juillet  1903  c'est-a-dire 
jusqu'au  25  juillet  1908.  Si  une  annee  avant  son  expiration  le 
present  traite  n'est  pas  denonce,  ou  si  la  revision  n'en  est  pas 
demandee  par  aucune  des  hautes  parties  contractantes,  il  sera 
considere  comme  prolonge  pour  la  duree  de  trois  autres  annees 
et  ainsi  de  suite  de  trois  ans  en  trois  ans  a  defaut  de  denonciation. 

ARTICLE  III.* 

'Le  present  traite  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  seront  echan- 

*  gees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.4 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et  y 
*ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Bucarest  le  dix-septieme/quatrieme  jour  du  mois  d'avril 
de  1'an  de  grace  mil  neuf  cent  deux. 

Pallavicini.  D.  Sturdza. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

2  Article  5  of  the  Treaty  of  1892  fixed  the  duration.    Cf.  p.  166. 

3  Identic  with  Article  7  of  the  Treaty  of  July  13/25, 1892.    Cf.  p.  168. 

4  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  April  23,  1902 
(draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV a,  n.  49);  of  King  Charles,  Bucharest, 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  2O/ 

.ARTICLE  4. 

If,  contrary  to  their  desire  and  hope,  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  be  forced  into  a  common  war  under  the  circumstances 
foreseen  by  the  preceding  Articles,  they  engage  neither  to  nego- 
tiate nor  to  conclude  peace  separately. 

ARTICLE  6.2 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  II. 

The  Articles  reproduced  above  shall  remain  in  force  for  a  new 
period  of  five  years  dating  from  July  25,  1903,  that  is  to  say, 
until  July  25,  1908.  If  the  present  Treaty  is  not  denounced  one 
year  before  its  expiration,  or  if  its  revision  is  not  demanded  by 
either  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  it  shall  be  regarded  as 
prolonged  for  a  period  of  three  years  more ;  and  so  on  from  three 
years  to  three  years  in  default  of  denunciation. 

ARTICLE  III.8 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  shall 
be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed 
it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  seventeenth/fourth  day  of  the  month 
of  April  in  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  two. 

Pallavicini.  D.  Sturdza. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

April  13/26,  1902  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Satnmlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen) ; 
Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Bucharest,  April  13/26,  1002  (original:  Polit. 
Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV a.  n.  57). 


208  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 

Rumania  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the 

Alliance.    Sinaia,  July  12/25,  1902.* 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie  et  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  ayant  conclu'  a 
Bucarest  le  17  avril  de  1'annee  courante  'le  traite  d'amitie  et 
'd'alliance  suivant: 

[Articles  I  -1  1  1  of  the  Treaty  of  April  17,  1902,  follow] 
'ont  invite  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  a  acceder 
'  aux  dispositions  du  susdit  traite. 

'En  consequence  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusser 
'  a  muni  de  ses  pleins-pouvoirs  a  cet  effet  son  representant  a  Buca- 
'rest  le'  soussigne  sieur  Alfred  de  Kiderlen-Waechter,  son  con- 
seiller  intime  de  legation,  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre 
plenipotentiaire,  'pour  adherer  formellement  aux  stipulations 
'contenues  dans  le  traite  susmentionne.  En  vertu  de  cet  acte 
'd'accession  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne.,  roi  de  Prusse,  prend 
'au  nom  de  1'empire  d'Allemagne  envers  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur 
'  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et 
'le  roi  de  Roumanie,  et  en  meme  temps  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur 
'd'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie 
'  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie  '  par  les  soussignes,  le  sieur  Jean  marquis. 
Pallavicini,  son  chambellan,  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre 
plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  et  le  sieur  Demetre 
A.  Sturdza,  president  du  conseil  des  ministres,  son  ministre  des 
finances  et  ad  interim  a  la  guerre  dument  autorises  a  cet  effet, 
'prennent  envers  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
'  les  memes  engagements  auxquels  les  hautes  parties  contractantes 
'se  sont  mutuellement  obligees  par  les  stipulations  du  dit  traite 
'insere  ci-dessus. 

6  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  36,. 
Geheimakten,  XXXIV  a. 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  209 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 

Rumania  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the 

Alliance.    Sinaia,  July  12/25,  1902. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Rumania  having  concluded  at  Bucharest  on  April  17  of  the  cur- 
rent year  the  following  Treaty  of  friendship  and  alliance: 

[Articles  I-III  of  the  Treaty  of  April  17,  1902,  follow.] 

have  invited  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  to  accede  to  the  provisions  of  the  aforesaid  Treaty. 

Consequently  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  has  furnished  with  His  full  powers  for  this  purpose  His 
Representative  at  Bucharest,  the  undersigned  Sieur  Alfred  von 
Kiderlen-Waechter,  His  Privy  Counsellor  of  Legation,  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  to  adhere  form- 
ally to  the  provisions  contained  in  the  abovementioned  Treaty. 
In  virtue  of  this  Act  of  Accession  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  takes  in  the  name  of  the  German 
Empire  towards  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King 
of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  King 
of  Rumania,  and  at  the  same  tune  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor 
of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary, 
and  the  King  of  Rumania,  by  the  undersigned,  the  Sieur  John 
Marquis  Pallavicini,  His  Chamberlain,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Ru- 
mania, and  the  Sieur  Demetrius  A.  Sturdza,  President  of  the 
Council  of  Ministers,  His  Minister  of  Finance  and  ad  interim  for 
War,  duly  authorized  for  this  purpose,  take  towards  His  Majesty 
the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the  same  engagements 
by  which  the  High  Contracting  Parties  have  mutually  bound 
themselves  according  to  the  stipulations  of  the  said  Treaty  in- 
serted above. 


210  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'Le  present  acte  d  'accession  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications 
'seront  echangees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  t6t  si 
'faire  se  peut.6 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et  y 
'ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Sinaia  le  vingt-cinquieme/douzieme  jour  du  mois  de 
juillet  de  1'an  de  grace  mil  neuf  cent  deux. 

L.  S.  Pallavicini. 

L.  S.  Kiderlen. 

L.  S.  D.  Sturdza. 

to 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy  to  the  Alliance.    December  12, 


'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie,  et  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  ayant  conclu'  le 
17/4  avril  1902  'un  traite  d'amitie  et  d'alliance  dont  la  teneur 
'suit: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows.} 

'Ce  traite  ayant  recu'  le  25/12  juillet  1902  Taccession  de  S. 
'M.  1'empereur  d'AUemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  et  ayant  ete  ensuite 
'communique  par  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  susmention- 
'nees  a  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  avec  1'invitation  a  y  acceder,  S.  M.  le 
'roi  d'ltalie,  approuvant  le  but  pour  lequel  ce  traite  a  ete  conclu 
'et  qui  est  la  conservation  de  la  paix  generate  et  de  1'ordre  ex- 
'istant,  a  autorise  le  soussigne  sieur'  Emmanuel  marquis  Becca- 
ria-Incisa,  '  son  envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire 

6  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  in  one  copy  each  for  the 
German  Empire  and  Rumania,  Ischl,  July  27,  1902  (draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimak- 
ten,  XXXIVa,  n.  86,  with  the  erroneous  date  of  July  13.  The  decision  on  the  re- 
port of  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  moving  the  ratification,  and  the  instruction 
to  Sinaia  with  which  the  instrument  of  ratification  was  forwarded,  are  dated  July  27, 
so  that  the  signing  of  the  ratification  must  have  followed  on  that  day)  ;  of  Emperor 
William  II,  on  board  yacht  Hohenzollern,  July  27,  1902  (original:  Polit.  Arch., 
Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen)  ;  of  King  Charles,  Sinaia,  July  13/26, 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  211 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifica- 
tions shall  be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner 
if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Sinaia,  the  twenty-fifth/twelfth  day  of  the  month  of 
July  of  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  two. 
L.  S.  Pallavicini. 

L.  S.  Kiderlen. 

L.  S.  D.  Sturdza. 

M 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy  to  the  Alliance.     December  12,  1902. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Rumania  having  concluded  on  April  17/4,  1902,  a  Treaty  of 
friendship  and  alliance,  the  tenor  of  which  follows: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows.] 

This  Treaty  having  received  on  July  25/12,  1902,  the  acces- 
sion of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia, 
and  having  been  then  communicated  by  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  abovementioned  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  with 
an  invitation  to  accede  thereto,  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy, 
approving  the  purpose  for  which  this  Treaty  has  been  concluded, 
and  which  is  the  preservation  of  the  general  peace  and  of  the  ex- 
isting order,  has  authorized  the  undersigned  Sieur  Emmanuel 
Marquis  Beccaria-Incisa,  His  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 

1902  (original:  ibid.);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications  between  Austria- 
Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and  Rumania,  Bucharest,  July  22/ August  4,  1902 
(original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV a,  n.  94). 

7  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  37, 
Geheimakten,  XXXIV  a,  n.  130. 

An  identic  Treaty  was  signed  between  Italy  and  Rumania  on  the  same  day  (In- 
structions to  Bucharest  of  January  6,  1903;  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV  a, 
n.  139). 


212  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  a  declarer  en  son  nom  qu'il  accede 
'au  dit  traite  dans  les  limites  ci-apres  indiquees  en  ce  qui  con- 
'cerne  les  stipulations  des  articles  2  et  3'  du  traite  signe  le  25 
juillet  1892  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Roumanie,  articles 
qui  sont  reproduits  dans  1'article  I  du  traite  ci-dessus  insere, 
'savoir: 

'  Si  les  eventualites,  pouvant  donner  lieu  au  casus  foederis  tel 
'  qu'il  est  prevu  dans  les  dits  articles  2  et  3,  venaient  a  se  produire, 
'LL.  MM.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,'  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  'et  roi 
'apostolique  de  Hongrie,  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie 
'prennent  1'engagement  mutuel  de  se  concerter  en  temps  utile 
'pour  une  action  commune  dont  les  modalites  seront  reglees  par 
'une  convention  speciale. 

'La  presente  accession  sera  en  vigueur  a  dater'  du  25/12 
juillet  1903  'pour  toute  la  duree  du  traite  principal'  du  17/4 
avril  1902,  a  moins  qu'elle  ne  soit  denoncee  par  une  des  hautes 
parties  contractantes  en  temps  utile  conformement  aux  disposi- 
tions de  1'article  II  du  dit  traite  principal. 

'Le  secret  sera  garde  sur  cet  acte  d'accession  qui  ne  pourra 
'etre  revele  sans  le  consentement  de  chacune  des  hautes  parties 
'contractantes. 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie  a  autorise  de  son  cote  le  soussigne  sieur'  Jean 
marquis  Pallavicini,  son  chambellan,  'envoye  extraordinaire  et 
'ministre  plenipotentiary  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  a  de- 
'clarer  en  son  nom  qu'il  accepte,  dans  les  termes  ci-dessus  relates 
'et  avec  les  memes  obligations  mutuelles,  1'accession  de  S.  M.  le 
'roi  d'ltalie  au  traite  du'  17/4  avril  1902. 

'Le  present  acte  d'accession  et  d'acceptation  sera  ratifie  8  par 
'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie  et  par  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  les  ratifications 
'seront  echangees  le  plus  tot  possible. 

8  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  December  27, 

1902  (draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV a,  n.  135);   of  King  Victor  Em- 
manuel III,  Rome,  December  27,  1902  (original:    Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der 
geheimen  Ratifikationen) ;   Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  April  4, 

1903  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV a,  n.  138. 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  213 

Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  to  declare 
in  His  name  that  He  accedes  to  the  said  Treaty  within  the  limits 
indicated  below,  so  far  as  concerns  the  stipulations  of  Articles  2 
and  3  of  the  Treaty  signed  on  July  25,  1892,  between  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Rumania,  Articles  which  are  reproduced  in  Article  I 
of  the  Treaty  inserted  above,  to  wit: 

If  eventualities  that  could  give  rise  to  the  casus  foederis  as  it 
is  foreseen  in  the  said  Articles  2  and  3  should  chance  to  occur, 
Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  King  of  Italy,  and  the  King 
of  Rumania  assume  a  mutual  engagement  to  take  counsel  to- 
gether in  ample  time  as  to  common  action,  the  detailed  procedure 
of  which  shall  be  regulated  by  a  special  convention. 

The  present  Accession  shall  be  in  force,  dating  from  July 
25/12,  1903,  for  the  whole  duration  of  the  principal  Treaty 
of  April  17/4,  1902,  unless  it  be  denounced  by  one  of  the  High 
Contracting  Parties  at  the  proper  time  in  conformity  with  the 
provisions  of  Article  II  of  the  said  principal  Treaty. 

This  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  kept  secret,  and  cannot  be  re- 
vealed without  the  consent  of  each  of  the  High  Contracting 
Parties. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary  has  for  his  part  authorized  the 
undersigned  Sieur  John  Marquis  Pallavicini,  His  Chamberlain, 
Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Maj- 
esty the  King  of  Rumania,  to  declare  in  His  name  that  He 
accepts  in  the  terms  above  stated,  and  with  the  same  mutual 
obligations,  the  Accession  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy  to 
the  Treaty  of  April  17/4,  1902. 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  and  of  acceptance  shall  be  rati- 
fied by  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia, 
etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  by  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Italy,  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  as  soon  as 
possible. 

The  exchange  of  ratifications  of  the  I talo- Rumanian  Treaty  took  place  on  Janu- 
ary 10, 1903.  (Despatch  from  Bucharest  of  January  14,  1903:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheim- 
akten,  XXXIV  a,  n.  143.) 


214  THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
'present  acte  d'accession  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Bucarest  le  douzieme  jour  du  mois  de  decembre  de  1'an 
de  grace  mil  neuf  cent  deux. 

Pallavicini.  E.  di  Beccaria-Incisa. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


THIRD  RUMANIAN  TREATY  215 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Act  of  Accession  and  have  affixed  thereto  the 
seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  twelfth  day  of  the  month  of  December 
of  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  two. 

Pallavicini.  E.  di  Beccaria-Incisa. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


2l6     PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE 


21. 

PROTOCOL  PROLONGING  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN 
ALLIANCE.     1902. 

Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  the  German  Empire 
concerning  the  continuation  of  the  Treaty  of  1879  and,  the 
Protocol  of  1883.    Berlin,  June  i,  IQO2.1 

PROTOKOLL. 

Die  Unterzeichneten,  Ladislaus  Szogyeny-Marich  von  Magyar- 
Szogyen  imd  Szolgaegyhaza,  ausserordentlicher  und  bevollmach- 
tigter  Botschafter  S.  M.  des  Kaisers  von  Oesterreich,  Ko'nigs  von 
Bohmen  u.  s.  w.  und  apostolischen  Konigs  von  Ungarn,  und 
Graf  Bernhard  von  Billow,  Kanzler  des  Deutschen  Reichs,  sind 
auf  Grund  allerhochster  Ermachtigung  ihrer  Souverane  am 
heutigen  Tage  in  Berlin  zu  einer  Berathung  iiber  die  fernere 
Aufrechterhaltung  des  zu  Wien  am  7.  Oktober  1879  unterzeich- 
neten, am  21.  desselben  Monats  ratifizirten  und  durch  das  zu 
Wien,  am  22.  Marz  1883  vollzogene,  am  i.  April  desselben  Jahres 
ratifizirte  Protokoll  bereits  einmal  ausdriicklich  verlangerten 
geheimen  Vertrages  zwischen  S.  M.,  dem  Kaiser  von  Oesterreich 
Konig  von  Bohmen  u.  s.  w.  und  apostolischen  Konig  von  Ungarn, 
und  S.  M.,  dem  deutschen  Kaiser,  Konige  von  Preussen,  zusam- 
mengetreten  und  haben  in  Volhnacht  II.  MM.  folgende  Erkla- 
rung  abgegeben: 

Die  Bestimmungen  des  Artikels  III  des  am  7.  October  1879 
unterzeichneten  und  am  21.  desselben  Monats  ratifizirten  gehei- 
men Vertrages  zwischen  1. 1.  M.  M.,  dem  Kaiser  von  Oesterreich, 
apostolischen  Konig  von  Ungarn  und  dem  deutschen  Kaiser, 
Konig  von  Preussen,  sowie  auch  die  Bestimmungen  der  Punkte 
i  und  2  des  den  Vertrag  erneuernden  Protokolles  vom  22.  Marz 
1883  sind,  gemass  den  Intentionen,  welche  diesbeziiglich  bei 
Abschluss  des  Vertrages  obwalteten,  dahin  zu  verstehen,  dass 
die  Dauer  des  Vertrages  sich  immer  wieder  von  selbst  von  drei 

1  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  34, 
Geheimakten,  XXXIV  c. 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE     217 


21. 

PROTOCOL  PROLONGING  THE  AUSTRO-GERMAN 
ALLIANCE.     1902. 

Protocol  between  Austria-Hungary  and  the  German  Empire 

concerning  the  continuation  of  the  Treaty  of  1879  and  the 

Protocol  of  1883.    Berlin,  June  i,  1902. 

PROTOCOL. 

The  undersigned,  Ladislas  Szogyeny-Marich  of  Magyar- 
Szogyen  and  Szolgaegyhaza,  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of 
Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  Count 
Bernhard  von  Billow,  Chancellor  of  the  German  Empire,  have, 
by  reason  of  the  Most  Exalted  authorization  of  their  Sovereigns, 
met  together  on  this  day  in  Berlin  for  deliberation  concerning 
the  further  maintenance  of  the  secret  Treaty  signed  at  Vienna 
on  October  7, 1879,  ratified  on  the  twenty-first  of  the  same  month, 
and  already  once  expressly  prolonged  through  the  Protocol 
executed  at  Vienna  on  March  22,  1883,  ratified  on  April  i  of  the 
same  year,  between  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King 
of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His 
Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia,  and  they  have, 
with  full  power  from  Their  Majesties,  made  the  following  decla- 
ration : 

The  provisions  of  Article  III  of  the  secret  Treaty  signed  on 
October  7,  1879,  and  ratified  on  the  twenty-first  of  the  same 
month,  between  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  Apos- 
tolic King  of  Hungary,  and  the  German  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia, 
as  well  as  the  provisions  of  Sections  i  and  2  of  the  Protocol  of 
March  22,  1883,  renewing  the  Treaty,  are,  according  to  the  in- 
tentions which  prevailed  in  this  respect  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
Treaty,  to  be  so  understood  that  the  duration  of  the  Treaty  shall 
automatically  be  prolonged  from  three  to  three  years  for  so  long 


21 8     PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE 

zu  drei  Jahren  verlangert,  insolange  die  beiden  Contrahenten 
nicht  innerhalb  der  im  Punkte  2  des  Protokolles  vom  22.  Marz 
1883  vereinbarten  Frist  vor  Ablauf  einer  dieser  dreijahrigen 
Perioden  iiber  die  Frage,  ob  die  dem  Vertrage  zur  Grundlage 
dienenden  Verhaltnisse  noch  obwalten,  in  Verhandlung  treten. 

Das  gegenwartige  Protokoll  wird  den  beiden  hohen  Souveranen 
zur  Ratification  unterbreitet  und  empfohlen  werden  und  soil  der 
Austausch  der  Ratificationsurkunden  binnen  drei  Wochen  in 
Berlin  erfolgen.2 

Zu  Urkund  dessen  ist  dieses  Protokoll  in  zwei  Exemplaren  auf- 
genommen,  unterzeichnet  und  besiegelt  worden. 

Geschehen  zu  Berlin,  am  ersten  Juni  eintausendneunhundert- 
zwei. 

Szogyeny.  Billow. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  June  13,  1902 
(draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV c,  nn.  18,  20);  of  Emperor  William  II, 
New  Palace,  June  12,  1902  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifi- 
kationen);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Berlin,  June  21,  1902  (original: 
Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV  c,  n.  24). 


PROLONGATION  OF  AUSTRO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE     219 

as  the  two  Contracting  Parties  do  not,  within  the  interval  agreed 
upon  in  Section  2  of  the  Protocol  of  March  22,  1883,  before  the 
expiration  of  one  of  these  three-year  periods,  enter  into  negotia- 
tions over  the  question  whether  the  conditions  serving  as  the 
basis  for  the  Treaty  still  prevail. 

The  present  Protocol  will  be  submitted  and  recommended  for 
ratification  to  the  two  Exalted  Sovereigns,  and  the  exchange  of 
documents  of  ratification  shall  take  place  within  three  weeks  in 
Berlin. 

In  witness  whereof  this  Protocol  has  been  executed,  signed, 
and  sealed  in  duplicate. 

Done  at  Berlin,  on  the  first  of  June,  one  thousand  nine  hun- 
dred and  two. 

Szogyeny.  Billow. 

L.  S.  L.  S. 


220        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

22. 

FOURTH    TREATY    OF   THE    TRIPLE   ALLIANCE. 

1902. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.    Berlin,  June  28,  ipo2.1 

'L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi 
'apostolique  de  Hongrie,  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
'et  le  roi  d'ltalie,  fermement  resolus  d'assurer  a  leurs  etats  la  con- 
'  tinuation  des  bienfaits  que  leur  garantit,  au  point  de  vue  poli- 
'  tique  aussi  bien  qu'au  point  de  vue  monarchique  et  social,  le 
'  maintien  de  la  Triple  Alliance,  et  voulant  dans  ce  but  prolonger  la 
'duree  de  cette  alliance  conclue  le  20  mai  1882,  renouvelee  une 
'premiere  fois  par  les  traites  du  20  fevrier  1887,'  et  une  seconde 
fois  par  le  traite  du  6  mai  1891,  'ont,  a  cet  effet,  nomme  comme 
'  leurs  plenipotentiaries,  savoir : 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie:  le  sieur  Ladislas  Szogyeny-Marich  de  Magyar- 
Szogyen  et  Szolgaegyhaza,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et 
plenipotentiary  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse; 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse:  le  comte  Bernard 
de  Billow,  chancelier  de  1'empire,  son  president  du  conseil  des 
minis tres  de  Prusse;  et 

S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie:  le  comte  Carlo  Lanza  di  Busca,  lieute- 
nant-general, senateur,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  pleni- 
potentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse 
'lesquels,  apres  echange  de  leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves  en 
'bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuelle- 
'ment  paix  et  ami  tie,  et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  en- 
'  gagement  dirige  centre  Fun  de  leurs  etats. 

1  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  35, 
Geheimakten,  XXXIV  b. 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        221 

22. 

FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1902. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.    Berlin,  June  28,  1902. 

Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King 
of  Prussia,  and  the  King  of  Italy,  firmly  resolved  to  assure  to 
Their  States  the  continuation  of  the  benefits  which  the  mainten- 
ance of  the  Triple  Alliance  guarantees  to  them,  from  the  political 
point  of  view  as  well  as  from  the  monarchical  and  social  point  of 
view,  and  wishing  with  this  object  to  prolong  the  duration  of  this 
Alliance,  concluded  on  May  20,  1882,  renewed  a  first  time  by  the 
Treaties  of  February  20,  1887,  and  a  second  tune  by  the  Treaty 
of  May  6,  1891,  have  for  this  purpose  appointed  as  Their  Pleni- 
potentiaries, to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary:  the  Sieur  Ladislas  Szogyeny- 
Marich  of  Magyar-Szogyen  and  Szolgaegyhaza,  His  Ambassador 
Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor 
of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia; 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia: 
Count  Bernhard  von  Bulow,  Chancellor  of  the  Empire,  His 
President  of  the  Council  of  Ministers  of  Prussia;  and 

His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy:  Count  Carlo  Lanza  di  Busca, 
Lieu  tenant-General,  Senator,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary 
and  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Prussia,  who,  after  exchange  of  their  full  powers,  found 
in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States. 


222        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'Elles  s'engagent  a  proceder  a  un  echange  d'idees  sur  les  ques- 
'  tions  politiques  et  economiques  d'une  nature  generate  qui  pour- 
'  raient  se  presenter,  et  se  promettent  en  outre  leur  appui  mutuel 
'  dans  la  limite  de  leurs  propres  interets. 

ARTICLE  II. 

'Dans  le  cas  cm  FItalie,  sans  provocation  directe  de  sa  part, 
'  serait  attaquee  par  la  France  pour  quelque  motif  que  ce  soit,  les 
'deux  autres  parties  contractantes  seront  tenues  a  prater  a  la 
'parties  attaquee  secours  et  assistance  avec  toutes  leurs  forces. 

'  Cette  meme  obligation  incombera  a  1'Italie  dans  le  cas  d'une 
'agression  non  directement  provoquee  de  la  France  centre  1'Alle- 
'magne. 

ARTICLE  III. 

'Si  une  ou  deux  des  hautes  parties  contractantes,  sans  pro- 
'  vocation  directe  de  leur  part,  venaient  a  etre  attaquees  et  a  se 
'  trouver  engagees  dans  une  guerre  avec  deux  ou  plusieurs  grandes 
'puissances  non  signataires  du  present  traite,  le  "casus  foederis" 
'  se  presentera  simultanement  pour  toutes  les  hautes  parties  con- 
'  tractantes. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

'  Dans  le  cas  ou  une  grande  puissance  non  signataire  du  present 
'  traite  menacerait  la  securite  des  e tats  de  1'une  des  hautes  parties 
'contractantes,  et  la  partie  menacee  se  verrait  par  la  forcee  de 
'lui  faire  la  guerre,  les  deux  autres  s'obligent  a  observer,  a  Tegard 
'de  leur  allie,  une  neutralite  bienveillante.  Chacune  se  reserve, 
'  dans  ce  cas,  la  faculte  de  prendre  part  a  la  guerre,  si  elle  le  jugeait 
'a  propos,  pour  faire  cause  commune  avec  son  allie. 

ARTICLE  V. 

'Si  la  paix  de  1'une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  venait  a 
'etre  menacee  dans  les  circonstances  prevues  par  les  articles  pre- 
'cedents,  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  concerteront  en 
'temps  utile  sur  les  mesures  militaires  a  prendre  en  vue  d'une 
'  cooperation  eventuelle. 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        223 

They  engage  to  proceed  to  an  exchange  of  ideas  on  political  and 
economic  questions  of  a  general  nature  which  may  arise,  and 
they  further  promise  one  another  mutual  support  within  the 
limits  of  then*  own  interests. 

ARTICLE  II. 

In  case  Italy,  without  direct  provocation  on  her  part,  should 
be  attacked  by  France  for  any  reason  whatsoever,  the  two  other 
Contracting  Parties  shall  be  bound  to  lend  help  and  assistance 
with  all  then*  forces  to  the  Party  attacked. 

This  same  obligation  shall  devolve  upon  Italy  in  case  of  an 
aggression  without  direct  provocation  by  France  against  Ger- 
many. 

ARTICLE  III. 

If  one,  or  two,  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  without  direct 
provocation  on  their  part,  should  chance  to  be  attacked  and  to 
be  engaged  in  a  war  with  two  or  more  Great  Powers  nonsigna- 
tory  to  the  present  Treaty,  the  casus  foederis  will  arise  simul- 
taneously for  all  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

In  case  a  Great  Power  nonsignatory  to  the  present  Treaty 
should  threaten  the  security  of  the  states  of  one  of  the  High 
Contracting  Parties,  and  the  threatened  Party  should  find  itself 
forced  on  that  account  to  make  war  against  it,  the  two  others 
bind  themselves  to  observe  towards  their  Ally  a  benevolent 
neutrality.  Each  of  them  reserves  to  itself,  in  this  case,  the 
right  to  take  part  in  the  war,  if  it  should  see  fit,  to  make  common 
cause  with  its  Ally. 

ARTICLE  V. 

If  the  peace  of  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should 
chance  to  be  threatened  under  the  circumstances  foreseen  by 
the  preceding  Articles,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  take 
counsel  together  in  ample  time  as  to  the  military  measures  to  be 
taken  with  a  view  to  eventual  cooperation. 


224        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'Elles  s'engagent,  des-a-present,  dans  tous  les  cas  de  partici- 
pation commune  a  une  guerre,  a  ne  conclure  ni  armistice,  ni  paix, 
'ni  traite,  que  d'un  commun  accord  entre  elles. 


ARTICLE  VI. 

'L'Allemagne  et  Fltalie  n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  maintien,  autant 
'que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient,  s'engagent  a 
'  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir  sur  les  cotes  et  iles  ottomanes 
'  dans  la  mer  Adriatique  et  dans  la  mer  Egee  toute  modification 
'  territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  1'une  ou  a  Fautre  des  puis- 
'sances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communiqueront, 
'  a  cet  eflfet,  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer  mutuel- 
'  lement  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles  d'autres 


'puissances. 


ARTICLE  VII. 


'L'Autriche-Hongrie  et  PItalie,  n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  main- 
'tien,  autant  que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient, 
'  s'engagent  a  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir  toute  modifica- 
'  tion  territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  1'une  ou  a  Pautre  des 
'puissances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communique- 
'ront,  a  cet  eflfet,  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer 
'mutuellement  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles 
'd'autres  puissances.  Toutefois  dans  le  cas  ou,  par  suite  des 
'evenements,  le  maintien  du  statu  quo  dans  les  regions  des  Bal- 
'cans  ou  des  cotes  et  iles  ottomanes  dans  P Adriatique  et  dans  la 
'mer  Egee  deviendrait  impossible,  et  que,  soit  en  consequence  de 
'Faction  d'une  puissance  tierce  soit  autrement.  FAutriche- 
'Hongrie  ou  FItalie  se  verraient  dans  la  necessite  de  le  modifier 
'  par  une  occupation  temporaire  ou  permanente  de  leur  part,  cette 
'occupation  n'aura  lieu  qu'apres  un  accord  prealable  entre  les 
'deux  puissances,  base  sur  le  principe  d'une  compensation  reci- 
'proque  pour  tout  avantage,  territorial  ou  autre,  que  chacune 
'd'elles  obtiendrait  en  sus  du  statu  quo  actuel  et  donnant  satis- 
'  faction  aux  interets  et  aux  preventions  bien  fondees  des  deux 
'parties. 


225 

They  engage,  henceforth,  in  all  cases  of  common  participation 
in  a  war,  to  conclude  neither  armistice,  nor  peace,  nor  treaty, 
except  by  common  agreement  among  themselves. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Germany  and  Italy,  having  in  mind  only  the  maintenance,  so 
far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  Orient,  engage 
to  use  their  influence  to  forestall  on  the  Ottoman  coasts  and 
islands  in  the  Adriatic  and  the  Aegean  Seas  any  territorial  modi- 
fication which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  Powers 
signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end,  they  will  com- 
municate to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  enlighten 
each  other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions,  as  well 
as  those  of  other  Powers. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

Austria-Hungary  and  Italy,  having  in  mind  only  the  main- 
tenance, so  far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the 
Orient,  engage  to  use  their  influence  to  forestall  any  territorial 
modification  which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the 
Powers  signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end,  they  shall 
communicate  to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  en- 
lighten each  other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions, 
as  well  as  those  of  other  Powers.  However,  if,  in  the  course  of 
events,  the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  in  the  regions  of  the 
Balkans  or  of  the  Ottoman  coasts  and  islands  in  the  Adriatic  and 
in  the  Aegean  Sea  should  become  impossible,  and  if,  whether  in 
consequence  of  the  action  of  a  third  Power  or  otherwise,  Austria- 
Hungary  or  Italy  should  find  themselves  under  the  necessity  of 
modifying  it  by  a  temporary  or  permanent  occupation  on  their 
part,  this  occupation  shall  take  place  only  after  a  previous  agree- 
ment between  the  two  Powers,  based  upon  the  principle  of  a  recip- 
rocal compensation  for  every  advantage,  territorial  or  other, 
which  each  of  them  might  obtain  beyond  the  present  status  quo, 
and  giving  satisfaction  to  the  interests  and  well  founded  claims 
of  the  two  Parties. 


226        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

'Les  stipulations  des  articles  VI  et  VII  ne  s'appliqueront 
'd'aucune  maniere  a  la  question  egyptienne  au  sujet  de  laquelle 
'les  hautes  parties  contractantes  conservent  respectivement  leur 
'liberte  d'action,  eu  egard  tou jours  aux  principes  sur  lesquels 
'repose  le  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

'L'Allemagne  et  1'Italie  s'engagent  a  s'employer  pour  le  main- 
'  tien  du  statu  quo  territorial  dans  les  regions  nord-af ricaines  sur 
'la  Mediterranee  a  savoir  la  Cyrena'ique,  la  Tripolitaine  et  la 
'Tunisie.  Les  representants  des  deux  puissances  dans  ces  regions 
'auront  pour  instruction  de  se  tenir  dans  la  plus  etroite  intimite 
'de  communications  et  assistance  mutuelles. 

'Si  malheureusement,  en  suite  d'un  mur  examen  de  la  situa- 
'tion,  rAllemagne  et  1'Italie  reconnaissaient  Tune  et  1'autre  que 
'le  maintien  du  statu  quo  devenait  impossible,  1'Allemagne 
's'engage,  apres  un  accord  formel  et  prealable,  a  appuyer  1'Italie 
'en  toute  action  sous  la  forme  d 'occupation  ou  autre  prise  de 
'garantie  que  cette  derniere  devrait  entreprendre  dans  ces  memes 
'  regions  en  vue  d'un  interet  d'equilibre  et  de  legitime  compensa- 
'tion. 

'  II  est  entendu  que  pour  pareille  eventualite  les  deux  puissances 
'  chercheraient  a  se  mettre  egalement  d'accord  avec  1'Angleterre. 

ARTICLE  X. 

'S'il  arrivait  que  la  France  fit  acte  d'etendre  son  occupation 
'ou  bien  son  protectorat  ou  sa  souverainete,  sous  une  forme  quel- 
'conque,  sur  les  territoires  nord-africains,  et  qu'en  consequence 
'de  ce  fait  1'Italie  crut  devoir,  pour  sauvegarder  sa  position  dans 
'la  Mediterranee,  entreprendre  elle-meme  une  action  sur  les  dits 
'territoires  nord-africains,  ou  bien  recourir  sur  le  territoire  fran- 
'gais  en  Europe  aux  mesures  extremes,  1'etat  de  guerre  qui 
's'ensuivrait  entre  1'Italie  et  la  France  constituerait  ipso  facto, 
'sur  la  demande  de  1'Italie,  et  a  la  charge  commune  de  rAllemagne 
'  et  de  1'Italie  le  casus  foederis  prevu  par  les  articles  II  et  V  du 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        22/ 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

The  stipulations  of  Articles  VI  and  VII  apply  in  no  way  to  the 
Egyptian  question,  with  regard  to  which  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  preserve  respectively  their  freedom  of  action,  regard 
being  always  paid  to  the  principles  upon  which  the  present  Treaty 
rests. 

ARTICLE  LX. 

Germany  and  Italy  engage  to  exert  themselves  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  North  African  regions 
on  the  Mediterranean,  to  wit,  Cyrenaica,  Tripolitania,  and 
Tunisia.  The  Representatives  of  the  two  Powers  in  these  regions 
shall  be  instructed  to  put  themselves  into  the  closest  intimacy  of 
mutual  communication  and  assistance. 

If  unfortunately,  as  a  result  of  a  mature  examination  of  the 
situation,  Germany  and  Italy  should  both  recognize  that  the 
maintenance  of  the  status  quo  has  become  impossible,  Germany 
engages,  after  a  formal  and  previous  agreement,  to  support  Italy 
in  any  action  in  the  form  of  occupation  or  other  taking  of  guar- 
anty which  the  latter  should  undertake  in  these  same  regions 
with  a  view  to  an  interest  of  equilibrium  and  of  legitimate 
compensation. 

It  is  understood  that  in  such  an  eventuality  the  two  Powers 
would  seek  to  place  themselves  likewise  in  agreement  with 
England. 

ARTICLE  X. 

If  it  were  to  happen  that  France  should  make  a  move  to  extend 
her  occupation,  or  even  her  protectorate  or  her  sovereignty,  under 
any  form  whatsoever,  in  the  North  African  territories,  and  that 
in  consequence  thereof  Italy,  in  order  to  safeguard  her  position 
in  the  Mediterranean,  should  feel  that  she  must  herself  under- 
take action  in  the  said  North  African  territories,  or  even  have 
recourse  to  extreme  measures  in  French  territory  in  Europe,  the 
state  of  war  which  would  thereby  ensue  between  Italy  and  France 
would  constitute  ip so  facto t  on  the  demand  of  Italy,  and  at  the 
common  charge  of  Germany  and  Italy,  the  casus  foederis  fore- 


228        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'present  traite,  comme  si  pareille  eventualite  y  etait  expresse- 
'ment  visee. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

'Si  les  chances  de  toute  guerre  entreprise  en  commun  centre 
'la  France  par  les  deux  puissances  amenaient  I'ltalie  a  rechercher 
'des  garanties  territoriales  a  1'egard  de  la  France,  pour  la  securite 
'des  frontieres  du  royaume  et  de  sa  position  maritime,  ainsi  qu'en 
'vue  de  la  stabilite'  et  'de  la  paix,  1'Allemagne  n'y  mettra 
'aucun  obstacle,  et,  au  besoin,  et  dans  une  mesure  compatible 
'avec  les  circonstances,  s'appliquera  a  faciliter  les  moyens  d'at- 
'  teindre  un  semblable  but. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

'Les  puissances  signataires  se  reservent  d'y  introduire  ulteri- 
'eurementj  sous  forme  de  protocole  et  d'une  commun  accord,  les 
'modifications  dont  1'utilite  serait  demontree  par  les  circon- 
'  stances. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

'Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  pour  1'espace  de  six  ans 
'a  partir  de  I'echange  des  ratifications;  mais  s'il  n'avait  pas  etc 
'denonce  un  an  a  Tavance  par  Tune  ou  1'autre  des  hautes  parties 
'contractantes,  il  restera  en  vigueur  pour  la  meme  duree  de  six 
'autres  annees. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

'Les  ratifications  du  present  traite  seront  echangees  a  Berlin, 
'dans  un  delai  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  in  one  copy  each  for  the 
German  Empire  and  Italy,  Vienna,  July  i,  1902  (draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten, 
XXXIV  b,  nn.  188,  189,  194);  of  Emperor  William  II,  Kiel,  on  board  the  yacht 
Hohenzollern,  July  2,  1902  (original:  St.  A.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifika- 
tionen);  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel  III,  Rome,  July  3,  1902  (original:  ibid.); 
Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Em- 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        22Q 

seen  by  Articles  II  and  V  of  the  present  Treaty,  as  if  such  an 
eventuality  were  expressly  contemplated  therein. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

If  the  fortunes  of  any  war  undertaken  in  common  against 
France  by  the  two  Powers  should  lead  Italy  to  seek  for  territorial 
guaranties  with  respect  to  France,  for  the  security  of  the  fron- 
tiers of  the  Kingdom  and  of  her  maritime  position,  as  well  as 
with  a  view  to  stability  and  to  peace,  Germany  will  present  no 
obstacle  thereto,  and,  if  need  be,  and  in  a  measure  compatible 
with  circumstances,  will  apply  herself  to  facilitating  the  means 
of  attaining  such  a  purpose. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

The  Signatory  Powers  reserve  the  right  of  subsequently  in- 
troducing, in  the  form  of  a  Protocol  and  of  a  common  agreement, 
the  modifications  of  which  the  utility  should  be  demonstrated  by 
circumstances. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  the  space  of  six 
years,  dating  from  the  exchange  of  ratifications;  but  if  it  has  not 
been  denounced  one  year  in  advance  by  one  or  another  of  the 
High  Contracting  Parties,  it  shall  remain  in  force  for  the  same 
duration  of  six  more  years. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty  shall  be  exchanged  at 
Berlin  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

pire,  and  Italy,  Berlin,  July  8,  1902  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV b, 
n.  196). 

The  Treaty  was  automatically  renewed  on  July  8,  1007,  through  the  expiration 
of  the  period  allowed  for  denunciation  (Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV  b). 


230 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le  pre- 
'sent  traite  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

'Fait  a  Berlin,  en  triple  exemplaire,  le'  vingt-huitieme  jour 
du  mois  de  juin  mil  neuf  cent  deux. 

L.  S.  Szogyeny. 

L.  S.  Billow. 

L.  S.  C.  Lanza. 


Final  Protocol  to  the  Treaty.    Berlin,  June  28,  1902? 
PROTOCOLS. 

'Au  moment  de  proceder  a  la  signature  du  traite  de  ce  jour 
'entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie,  1'Allemagne  et  1'Italie,  les  plenipo- 
'  tentiaires  soussignes  de  ces  trois  puissances,  a  ce  dument  autori- 
'ses,  se  declarent  mutuellement  ce  qui  suit: 

'i°-  Sauf  reserve  d'approbation  parlementaire  pour  les  stipu- 
lations effectives  qui  decouleraient  de  la  presente  declaration  de 
'principe,  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent,  des  ce 
'moment,  en  matiere  economique  (finances,  douanes,  chemins  de 
*fer)  en  sus  du  traitement  de  la  nation  la  plus  favorisee,  toutes  les 
'facilites  et  tous  les  avantages  particuliers  qui  seraient  compati- 
'bles  avec  les  exigences  de  chacun  des  trois  etats  et  avec  leurs 
'engagements  respectifs  avec  les  tierces  puissances. 

'2°-  L'accession  de  1'Angleterre  etant  deja  acquise,  en  prin- 
'cipe,  aux  stipulations  du  traite  de  ce  jour  qui  concernent  l'Orientr 
'proprement  dit,  a  savoir  les  territoires  de  1'empire  ottoman,  les 
'  hautes  parties  contractantes  s'emploieront  au  moment  opportun, 
'et  pour  autant  que  les  circonstances  le  comporteraient,  a  pro- 
'voquer  une  accession  analogue  a  1'egard  des  territoires  nord- 
'  africains  de  la  partie  centrale  et  occidentale  de  la  Mediterranee, 
'le  Maroc  compris.  Cette  accession  pourrait  se  realiser  moyen- 
'  nant  acceptation,  de  la  part  de  1'Angleterre,  du  programme  etabli 
'  aux  articles  IX  et  X  du  traite  de  ce  jour. 

3  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  35, 
Geheimakten,  XXXIV  b. 

This  Final  Protocol  is  not  inserted  in  the  three  instruments  of  ratification. 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        23! 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Treaty,  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of 
their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  in  triplicate,  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  the 
month  of  June,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  two. 

L.  S.  Szogyeny. 

L.  S.  BUlow. 

L.  S.  C.  Lanza. 

(*>) 
Final  Protocol  to  the  Treaty.    Berlin,  June  28,  igo2. 

PROTOCOL. 

At  the  moment  of  proceeding  to  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of 
this  day  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Italy,  the 
undersigned  Plenipotentiaries  of  these  three  Powers,  thereto 
duly  authorized,  mutually  declare  themselves  as  follows: 

1.  Under  reserve  of  parliamentary  approval  for  the  executory 
stipulations  proceeding  from  the  present  declaration  of  principle, 
the  High  Contracting  Parties  promise   each  other,  from  this 
moment,  in  economic  matters  (finances,  customs,  railroads),  in 
addition  to  most-favored-nation  treatment,  all  of  the  facilities 
and  special  advantages  which  would  be  compatible  with  the 
requirements  of  each  of  the  three  States  and  with  their  respective 
engagements  with  third  Powers. 

2.  The  accession  of  England  being  already  acquired,  in  princi- 
ple, to  the  stipulations  of  the  Treaty  of  this  day  which  concern 
the  Orient,  properly  so-called,  to  wit,  the  territories  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  exert  themselves 
at  the  opportune  moment,  and  to  the  extent  that  circumstances 
may  permit  it,  to  bring  about  an  analogous  accession  with  regard 
to  the  North  African  territories  of  the  central  and  western  part  of 
the  Mediterranean,  including  Morocco.     This  accession  might 
be  realized  by  an  acceptance,  on  the  part  of  England,  of  the 
programme  established  by  Articles  LX  and  X  of  the  Treaty  of 
this  day. 


232        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  trois  plenipotentiaires  ont  signe,  en  triple 
'exemplaire,  le  present  protocole. 

'Fait  a  Berlin,  le'  vingt-huitieme  jour  du  mois  de  juin  mil  neuf 
cent  deux. 

Szogyeny. 

Billow. 

C.  Lanza. 


Austrian  Declaration  to  Italy  concerning  Tripoli.    Rome, 

June  30,  1902* 
Secrete. 

DECLARATION. 

Je  soussigne,  ambassadeur  de  S.  M.  I.  et  R.  A.,  ai  ete  autorise" 
de  declarer  au  gouvernement  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie,  que  tout  en 
desirant  le  maintien  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient,  le  gou- 
vernement austro-hongrois,  n'ayant  pas  d'interet  special  a  sauve- 
garder  dans  la  Tripolitaine  et  la  Cirenai'que,  est  decide  a  ne  rien 
entreprendre  de  ce  qui  pourrait  contrecarrer  1'action  de  Tltalie 
au  cas  ou,  par  suite  de  circonstances  fortuites,  1'etat  des  choses 
actuel  etabli  dans  ces  regions  subirait  une  alteration  quelconque 
et  forcerait  le  gouvernement  royal  a  recourir  a  des  mesures  qui 
lui  seraient  dictees  par  ses  propres  interets. 

II  est  entendu  que  la  presente  declaration  restera  secrete  et 
qu'elle  ne  pourra  etre  produite  qu'en  vertu  d'un  accord  prealable 
entre  les  deux  gouvernements. 

Rome,  30  juin  1902. 
M.  baron  Pasetti  m.  p. 

4  Copy:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXIV  b,  n.  192. 

Annotation  of  the  Chancellery,  in  the  hand  of  the  copyist:  "Beilage  zum  gehei- 
men  Bericht  N°'  496,  de  dato  Rom,  i.  Juli  1902.  Abschrift  der  der  koniglich- 
italienischen  Regierung  beziiglich  Tripolis  abgegebenen  Deklaration."  ("Supple- 
ment to  Secret  Dispatch  No.  496,  dated  Rome,  July  i,  1902.  Copy  of  the  declara- 
tion transmitted  to  the  Royal  Italian  Government  with  regard  to  Tripoli.") 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        233 

In  witness  whereof  the  three  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the 
present  Protocol  in  triplicate. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  the  month  of  June, 
one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  two. 

Szogyeny. 

Billow. 

C.  Lanza. 


Austrian  Declaration  to  Italy  concerning  Tripoli.    Rome, 

June  30,  IQO2* 
Secret. 

DECLARATION. 

I  the  undersigned,  Ambassador  of  His  Imperial  and  Royal 
Apostolic  Majesty,  have  been  authorized  to  declare  to  the  Gov- 
ernment of  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy,  that,  while  desiring 
the  maintenance  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  Orient,  the 
Austro-Hungarian  Government,  having  no  special  interest  to 
safeguard  hi  Tripolitania  and  Cyrenaica,  has  decided  to  under- 
take nothing  which  might  interfere  with  the  action  of  Italy,  in 
case,  as  a  result  of  fortuitous  circumstances,  the  state  of  things 
now  prevailing  in  those  regions  should  undergo  any  change 
whatsoever  and  should  oblige  the  Royal  Government  to  have 
recourse  to  measures  which  would  be  dictated  to  it  by  its  own 
interests. 

It  is  understood  that  the  present  Declaration  shall  remain 
secret;  and  that  it  may  be  produced  only  in  virtue  of  a  previous 
agreement  between  the  two  Governments. 

Rome,  June  30,  1902. 

Baron  Pasetti,  m.  p. 


234        FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

(<*)  ..."•'. 

Note  of  the  Italian  Government  acknowledging  the  Austrian 
Declaration  concerning  Tripoli.    Rome,  June  30,  1902* 

Ministero  degli  affari  esteri. 
Secrete. 
AS.  E. 

Monsieur  le  baron  Pasetti, 

ambassadeur  I.  et  R.  d'autriche-Hongrie, 

Rome. 

Rome,  le  30  juin  1902. 
Monsieur  1'ambassadeur, 

Conformement  au  desir  que  V.  E.  a  bien  voulu  m'en  exprimer 
par  sa  note  secrete  en  date  d'aujourd'hui,  N.  27,  j'ai  1'honneur  de 
lui  accuser  reception  de  la  declaration  concernant  la  Tripolitaine- 
Cyrenaiique  que  V.  E.  m'a  transmise  avec  sa  note  precitee  d'apres 
les  instructions  de  son  gouvernement. 

Veuillez  agreer,  Mr.  1'ambassadeur,  1'assurance  de  ma  tres- 
haute  consideration. 

Prinetti. 

5  Original:  ibid. 


FOURTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE        235 


Note  of  the  Italian  Government  acknowledging  the  Austrian 
Declaration  concerning  Tripoli.    Rome,  June  30,  1902. 

Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
Secret. 
To  His  Excellency 

Baron  Pasetti, 

Imperial  and  Royal  Ambassador  of  Austria-Hungary, 
Rome. 

Rome,  June  30,  1902. 
Mr.  Ambassador, 

In  conformity  with  the  desire  which  Your  Excellency  has  been 
kind  enough  to  express  to  me  in  your  secret  Note  dated  today, 
No.  27,1  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  the  Decla- 
ration concerning  Tripolitania-Cyrenaica  which  Your  Excellency 
has  transmitted  to  me  with  your  abovementioned  Note  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  instructions  of  your  Government. 

Pray  accept,  Mr.  Ambassador,  the  assurance  of  my  very  high 
consideration. 

Prinetti. 


236        AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE  OF  NEUTRALITY 


23- 

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE  OF  MUTUAL 
NEUTRALITY.     1904. 

Joint  Declaration  of  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  in  regard  to  the 

maintenance  of  neutrality  by  either  if  the  other  is  at  war. 

St.  Petersburg,  October  2/15,  igo^> 

Les  soussignes  dument  autorises  par  leurs  augustes  souverains 
se  sont  reunis  aujourd'hui  au  ministere  imperial  des  affaires 
etrangeres  pour  signer  la  declaration  suivante: 

L'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Russie,  unies  par  des  vues  identiques 
sur  la  politique  conservatrice  a  suivre  dans  les  pays  balcaniques 
et  tres  satisfaites  du  resultat  obtenu  jusqu'ici  de  leur  etroite  col- 
laboration, sont  fermement  decidees  a  perseverer  dans  cette 
voie.  Heureux  de  constater  une  fois  de  plus  cette  entente,  les 
cabinets  de  Vienne  et  de  S*  Petersbourg  attachent  un  grand  prix 
a  se  dormer  en  due  forme  un  temoignage  d 'ami tie  et  de  confiance 
reciproque. 

C'est  dans  ce  but  que  les  deux  puissances  sont  tombees  d'ac- 
cord  d'observer  une  neutralite  loyale  et  absolue  dans  le  cas  ou 
Tune  des  deux  parties  signataires  de  cette  declaration  se  trou- 
verait  seule  et  sans  provocation  de  sa  part  en  etat  de  guerre  avec 
une  troisieme  puissance  qui  chercherait  a  porter  atteinte  a  sa 
securite  ou  au  statu  quo  dont  le  maintien  constitue  la  base  de 
leur  entente  aussi  pacifique  que  conservatrice. 

L 'engagement  stipule  par  ce  qui  precede  entre  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  et  la  Russie  ne  s'applique  naturellement  pas  aux  pays 
balcaniques  dont  les  destinees  se  rattachent  evidemment  a  1'ac- 
cord  etabli  entre  les  deux  empires  voisins.  Le  dit  engagement 
est  entendu  rester  valable  aussi  longtemps  que  ces  deux  grandes 

1  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  38, 
Geheimakten,  XXXII  b. 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE  OF  NEUTRALITY        237 


23- 

AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE  OF  MUTUAL 
NEUTRALITY.     1904. 

Joint  Declaration  of  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  in  regard  to  the 

maintenance  of  neutrality  by  either  if  the  other  is  at  war. 

St.  Petersburg,  October  2/15,  1904. 

The  undersigned,  duly  authorized  by  their  August  Sovereigns, 
have  met  together  today  at  the  Imperial  Ministry  of  Foreign 
Affairs  to  sign  the  following  Declaration : 

Austria-Hungary  and  Russia,  united  by  identical  views  as  to 
the  conservative  policy  to  be  followed  in  the  Balkan  countries, 
and  much  satisfied  with  the  result  obtained  so  far  by  their  close 
collaboration,  are  firmly  decided  to  persevere  in  this  course. 
Happy  to  record  once  more  this  understanding,  the  Cabinets  of 
Vienna  and  of  St.  Petersburg  attach  great  importance  to  offering 
each  other  in  due  form  a  mark  of  friendship  and  reciprocal 
confidence. 

It  is  with  this  purpose  that  the  two  Powers  have  come  to  an 
agreement  to  observe  a  loyal  and  absolute  neutrality  in  case  one 
of  the  two  Parties  signatory  to  this  Declaration  should  find  it- 
self, alone  and  without  provocation  on  its  part,  in  a  state  of  war 
with  a  third  Power  which  sought  to  endanger  its  security  or  the 
status  quo;  the  maintenance  of  which  constitutes  the  basis  of 
their  understanding,  as  pacific  as  it  is  conservative. 

The  engagement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  stipu- 
lated in  the  above  naturally  does  not  apply  to  the  Balkan  coun- 
tries, whose  destinies  are  obviously  closely  attached  to  the  agree- 
ment established  between  the  two  neighboring  Empires.  The 
said  engagement  is  understood  to  remain  valid  so  long  as  these 
two  great  Powers  shall  pursue  their  policy  of  an  understanding 

The  ratification  is  lacking,  since  the  Treaty  was  rendered  valid  by  this  declara- 
ion  with  the  authority  of  both  Chiefs  of  State. 


238        AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE  OF  NEUTRALITY 

puissances  poursuivront  leur  politique  d'entente  dans  les  affaires 
de  la  Turquie,  il  sera  tenu  secret  et  ne  pourra  etre  communique 
a  un  autre  gouvernement  qu'apres  entente  prealable  entre  les 
cabinets  de  Vienne  et  de  S*  Petersbourg. 

Fait  en  double  a  S*  Petersbourg  le  2/15  October  1904. 

L.  Aehrenthal.  O  Lamsdorff. 


AUSTRO-RUSSIAN  PROMISE  OF  NEUTRALITY         239 

in  the  affairs  of  Turkey;  it  shall  be  kept  secret,  and  cannot  be 
communicated  to  any  other  Government,  except  after  a  previous 
understanding  between  the  Cabinets  of  Vienna  and  of  St.  Peters- 
burg. 

Done  in  duplicate  at  St.  Petersburg,  October  2/15,  1904. 
L.  Aehrenthal.  Count  Lamsdorff. 


240  AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT 


24. 

AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  CONCERNING 
ARTICLE  VII  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1909. 

Agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  explaining  and 

supplementing  Article  VII  of  the  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance 

of  1887.     Vienna,  November  30;  Rome,  December  15,  ipop.1 

Secret. 

Dans  les  pourparlers  que  j'ai  [vous  avez]  eus  ces  derniers  temps 
avec  le  due  Avarna  [comte  d'Aehrenthal]  en  vue  de  preciser  et  de 
completer  1'article  VII  du  traite  de  la  Triple-Alliance,  nous 
sommes  [vous  etes]  d'abord  tombes  d'accord  que,  PAutriche- 
Hongrie  ay  ant  renonce  aux  droits  que  le  traite  de  Berlin  lui  avait 
conferes  par  rapport  au  sandjak  de  Novibazar,  les  dispositions 
de  1'article  precite  de  la  Triple-Alliance  s'appliquent  au  sandjak 
aussi  bien  qu'aux  autres  parties  de  1'empire  ottoman.  Si  done 
par  suite  de  1'impossibilite  du  maintien  du  statu  quo  dans  les 
Balcans  1'Autriche-Hongrie  etait  amenee  par  la  force  des  evene- 
ments  a2  proceder  a  une  occupation  temporaire  ou  permanente  du 
sandjak  de  Novibazar,  cette  occupation  n'aura  lieu  qu'apres  un 
accord  prealable  avec  1'Italie,  base  sur  le  principe  d'une  compen- 
sation. 

1  Draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXV  5,  n.  27. 

The  Note  of  the  Italian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  to  the  Italian  Ambassador 
at  Vienna  is  a  copy  (Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  39, 
Geheimakten,  XXXV  5,  n.  35). 

The  Notes  are  identic,  mutatis  mutandis.  The  Austro-Hungarian  Note  forms 
the  basis  of  the  printed  text.  The  alternats  of  the  Italian  Note  are  inserted  in 
brackets. 

The  Austro-Hungarian  Note  bears  the  superscription:  "Pro jet  definitif  d'une 
depeche  au  comte  Liitzow  a  Rome."  The  word  "definitif"  was  added  in  Baron 
Aehrenthal's  handwriting,  as  well  as  the  alterations  given  in  the  footnote  to  the 
text.  The  present  draft  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Note  is  undated.  The  date  of 
November  30  can,  however,  be  gathered  from  the  acts  of  negotiation.  The  copy  of 
the  Italian  Note  bears  the  stamp:  "  Ambasciata  d'ltalia  a  Vienna,";  the  address: 
"A  S.  E.  le  due  Avarna,  ambassadeur  de  S.  M.  Vienne,";  the  date:  "Rome,  le  15 


AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  241 


24. 

AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  CONCERNING 
ARTICLE  VII  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1909. 

Agreement  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  explaining  and 

supplementing  Article  VII  of  the  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance 

of  1887.     Vienna,  November  30;  Rome,  December  15,  /pop. 

Secret. 

In  the  conferences  which  I  [you]  have  lately  had  with  Duke 
Avarna  [Count  Aehrenthal]  with  a  view  to  defining  and  perfect- 
ing Article  VII  of  the  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  we  [you] 
have  agreed,  to  begin  with,  that,  Austria-Hungary  having  re- 
nounced the  rights  which  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  had  conferred 
upon  her  in  respect  to  the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar,  the  provisions 
of  the  aforesaid  Article  of  the  Triple  Alliance  apply  to  the  Sanjak 
as  well  as  to  the  other  parts  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  If,  then, 
in  consequence  of  the  impossibility  of  maintaining  the  status  quo 
in  the  Balkans,  Austria-Hungary  should  be  compelled  by  the 
force  of  circumstances  to  proceed  to  a  temporary  or  permanent 
occupation  of  the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar,  that  occupation  shall  be 
effected  only  after  a  previous  agreement  with  Italy,  based  on  the 
principle  of  compensation. 

d6cembre  1909";  and  the  beginning:  " Monsieur  1'ambassadeur."  Baron  Aehren- 
thal added  in  his  own  handwriting:  "Vom  itaiienischen  Botschafter  iibergeben. 
ig.XII.iooQ.  Aehrenthal."  ("Transmitted  by  the  Italian  Ambassador.  Decem- 
ber 19,  1909.  Aehrenthal.") 

The  Italian  Note  is  printed  in  Diplomaiische  AktenstUcke  betreffend  die  Bezie- 
hungen  Osterreich-Ungarns  zu  Italien  in  der  Zeit  vom  20.  Juli  1914  bis  zum  23.  Mai 
/p/5,  p.  109;  and,  in  translation,  in  Imperial  and  Royal  Austro-Hungarian  Min- 
istry of  Foreign  Affairs,  Diplomatic  Documents  concerning  the  Relations  of  Austria- 
Hungary  with  Italy  from  July  zoth,  1914,  to  May  2jd,  1915,  p.  180. 

The  exchange  of  copies  of  these  Notes  occurred  at  Rome  and  Vienna  on  Decem- 
ber 19,  1909  (Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XXXV  5,  n.  38). 

Compare  Section  3,  Second  Final  Protocol  of  December  5,  1912,  page  256. 

1  In  the  Austro-Hungarian  Note  this  originally  read:  " L' Autriche-Hongrie  se 
voyait  dans  la  nccessitt  de  proce'der  ..."  The  new  wording  was  inserted  by 
Baron  Aehrenthal  in  his  own  handwriting. 


242  AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT 

Fideles  a  1'esprit  qui  a  inspire  le  traite  de  la  Triple-Alliance  et 
en  vue  de  fixer  d'une  maniere  precise  et  d'un  commun  accord  le 
precede  que  les  deux  cabinets  allies  comptent  adopter  dans  cer- 
taines  eventualites  nous  sommes  [vous  etes]  convenus,  en  outre, 
le  due  Avarna  et  moi,  [avec  le  comte  d'Aehrenthal]  de  ce  qui  suit: 

Chacun  des  deux  cabinets  s'engage  a  ne  pas  contracter  un  ac- 
cord quelconque  avec  une  tierce  puissance  concernant  les  ques- 
tions balcaniques  sans  que  1'autre  cabinet  y  participe  sur  un  pied 
d'egalite  absolue;  de  meme,  les  deux  cabinets  s'engagent  a  se  com- 
muniquer  toute  proposition  qui  serait  faite  a  Fun  ou  a  Pautre  par 
une  tierce  puissance,  allant  a  1'encontre  du  principe  de  non- 
intervention et  se  rapportant  a  une  modification  du  statu  quo 
dans  les  regions  des  Balcans  ou  des  cotes  et  des  lies  ottomanes 
dans  PAdriatique  et  de  la  mer  Egee. 

II  va  sans  dire  que  Particle  VII  du  traite  de  la  Triple-Alliance, 
que  les  dispositions  qui  precedent  ne  font  que  preciser  et  com- 
pleter,  reste  integralement  en  vigueur. 

Quant  a  la  duree  de  Pengagement  que  les  deux  cabinets  assu- 
ment  en  vertu  de  ce  qui  precede,  il  est  entendu  qu'elle  doit 
comcider  avec  celle  du  traite  de  la  Triple-Alliance,  de  sorte  que 
Pengagement  meme  serait  implicitement  renouvele  avec  le  re- 
nouvellement  de  la  Triple-Alliance. 

Conformement  aux  dispositions  analogues  de  ce  traite  les  deux 
cabinets  se  promettent  mutuellement  le  secret  sur  Pengagement 
qu'ils  viennent  de  prendre;  seul  le  cabinet  de  Berlin,  a  titre 
d'allie,  en  sera  informe  sans  delai  par  les  deux  gouvernements. 

Afin  d'etablir  exactement  ce  qui  a  etc  convenu  dans  les  pour- 
parlers que  j'ai  eus  avec  le  cabinet  royal  [imperial  et  royal]  par 
Pentremise  du  due  Avarna  [par  votre  entremise],  je  vous  engage, 
monsieur  Pambassadeur,  a  communiquer  cette  depeche  a  mon- 
sieur le  ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres  et  a  lui  en  laisser  copie. 

Agreez  etc.  [Veuillez  agreer,  monsieur  Pambassadeur,  les 
assurances  de  ma  haute  consideration.  Signe:  Guicciardini.] 


AUSTRO-ITALIAN  AGREEMENT  243 

Faithful  to  the  spirit  which  has  inspired  the  Treaty  of  the 
Triple  Alliance,  and  with  a  view  to  denning  exactly  and  by  mutual 
agreement  the  procedure  which  the  two  Allied  Cabinets  intend 
to  adopt  in  certain  eventualities,  we,  Duke  Avarna  and  I,  [you, 
with  Count  Aehrenthal,]  have  also  agreed  upon  the  folio  whig: 

Each  of  the  two  Cabinets  binds  itself  not  to  conclude  with  a 
third  Power  any  agreement  whatsoever  concerning  Balkan 
questions  without  the  participation  of  the  other  Cabinet  on  a 
footing  of  absolute  equality;  likewise,  the  two  Cabinets  bind 
themselves  to  communicate  to  each  other  every  proposition 
which  may  be  made  to  the  one  or  to  the  other  by  a  third  Power, 
running  contrary  to  the  principle  of  non-intervention  and  tending 
to  a  modification  of  the  status  quo  in  the  regions  of  the  Balkans 
or  of  the  Ottoman  coasts  and  islands  in  the  Adriatic  and  of  the 
Aegean  Sea. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  Article  VII  of  the  Treaty  of  the 
Triple  Alliance,  which  the  above  provisions  only  render  more 
specific  and  complete,  remains  in  force  in  its  entirety. 

As  to  the  duration  of  the  engagement  which  the  two  Cabinets 
assume  in  virtue  of  the  above,  it  is  understood  that  it  shall  coin- 
cide with  that  of  the  Treaty  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  so  that  the 
engagement  itself  will  be  implicitly  renewed  with  the  renewal  of 
the  Triple  Alliance. 

In  conformity  with  analogous  provisions  of  that  Treaty,  the 
two  Cabinets  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to  the  engagement  they 
have  just  entered  into ;  only  the  Cabinet  of  Berlin,  in  its  capacity 
as  an  Ally,  shall  be  informed  thereof  by  the  two  Governments 
without  delay. 

In  order  to  fix  exactly  what  has  been  agreed  upon  in  the  con- 
ferences I  have  conducted  through  Duke  Avarna  [through  you] 
with  the  Royal  [Imperial  and  Royal]  Cabinet,  I  request  you,  Mr. 
Ambassador,  to  communicate  this  despatch  to  the  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs  and  to  leave  with  him  a  copy  thereof. 

Accept,  etc.  [Accept,  Mr.  Ambassador,  the  assurance  of  my 
high  consideration.  Signed:  Guicciardini.] 


244          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

25- 

FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1912. 

(a) 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.     Vienna,  December  5,  ip/2.1 

'L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi 
'apostolique  de  Hongrie,  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse  et 
'le  roi  dTtalie,  fermement  resolus  d'assurer  a  leurs  etats  la  con- 
'  tinuation  des  bienfaits  que  leur  garantit,  au  point  de  vue  poli- 
'tique  aussi  bien  qu'au  point  de  vue  monarchique  et  social,  le 
'maintien  de  la  Triple  Alliance,  et  voulant  dans  ce  but  prolonger 
'la  duree  de  cette  alliance,  conclue  le  20  mai  1882,  renouvelee  une 
'premiere  fois  par  les  traites  du  20  fevrier  1887,  une  seconde  fois 
'par  le  traite  du  6  mai  1891 '  et  une  troisieme  fois  par  le  traite  du 
28  juin  1902,  'ont,  a  cet  effet,  nomme  comme  leurs  plenipoten- 
'tiaires,  sayoir: 

S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie :  le  comte  Leopold  Berchtold  von  und  zu  Ungar- 
schitz,  son  ministre  de  la  maison  imperiale  et  royale  et  des  affaires 
etrangeres,  president  du  conseil  commun  des  ministres;  S.  M. 
1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse:  le  sieur  Heinrich  von 
Tschirschky  und  Bogendorff,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et 
plenipotentiary  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme 
etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie;  et  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie:  le  due 
Giuseppe  d'Avarna,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  pleni- 
potentiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc. 
et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  'lesquels,  apres  echange  de  leurs 
'pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves  en  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  convenus 
'des  articles  suivants: 

1  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  40, 
Geheimakten,  XLIII  a. 

The  Alliance  was  denounced  by  Italy  on  May  4,  1915.  Diplomatische  Akten- 
stiicke  betrejfend  die  Beziehungen  Osterreich-Ungarns  zu  Italien  in  der  Zeit  vom  20. 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          245 

25- 

FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE. 

1912. 

w 

Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German 
Empire,  and  Italy.     Vienna,  December  5,  1912. 

Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King 
of  Prussia,  and  the  King  of  Italy,  firmly  resolved  to  assure  to 
Their  States  the  continuation  of  the  benefits  which  the  mainten- 
ance of  the  Triple  Alliance  guarantees  to  them,  from  the  political 
point  of  view  as  well  as  from  the  monarchical  and  social  point  of 
view,  and  wishing  with  this  object  to  prolong  the  duration  of  this 
Alliance,  concluded  on  May  20, 1882,  renewed  a  first  time  by  the 
Treaties  of  February  20,  1887,  a  second  time  by  the  Treaty  of 
May  6,  1891,  and  a  third  time  by  the  Treaty  of  June  28,  1902, 
have,  for  this  purpose,  appointed  as  Their  Plenipotentiaries,  to 
wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary :  Count  Leopold  Berchtold  von 
und  zu  Ungarschitz,  His  Minister  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Household  and  of  Foreign  Affairs,  President  of  the  Common 
Council  of  Ministers;  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King 
of  Prussia :  the  Sieur  Heinrich  von  Tschirschky  und  Bogendorff, 
His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and  Plenipotentiary  to  His 
Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and 
Apostolic  King  of  Hungary;  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Italy: 
Duke  Giuseppe  d'Avarna,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of 
Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  who,  after  ex- 
change of  their  full  powers,  found  in  good  and  due  form,  have 
agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

Juli  1914  bis  zum  23.  Mai  1915,  page  161;  translation,  op.  cit.,  no.  clxx,  pp.  143- 
145- 


246          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  I. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'paix  et  ami  tie  et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engage- 
'ment  dirige  centre  Fun  de  leurs  etats. 

'Elles  s'engagent  a  proceder  a  un  echange  d'idees  sur  les  ques- 
'  tions  politiques  et  economiques  d'une  nature  generate  qui  pour- 
'  raient  se  presenter,  et  se  promettent  en  outre  leur  appui  mutuel 
'dans  la  limite  de  leurs  propres  interets. 

ARTICLE  II. 

'Dans  le  cas  ou  1'Italie,  sans  provocation  directe  de  sa  part, 
1  serait  attaquee  par  la  France  pour  quelque  motif  que  ce  soit,  les 
'deux  autres  parties  contractantes  seront  tenues  a  preter  a  la 
'partie  attaquee  secours  et  assistance  avec  toutes  leurs  forces. 

'  Cette  meme  obligation  incombera  a  1'Italie  dans  le  cas  d'une 
'agression  non  directement  provoquee  de  la  France  centre  1'Alle- 
'magne. 

ARTICLE  III. 

'Si  une  ou  deux  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  sans  provo- 
'  cation  directe  de  leur  part  venaient  a  etre  attaquees  et  a  se 
'  trouver  engagees  dans  une  guerre  avec  deux  ou  plusieurs  grandes 
'puissances  non  signataires  du  present  traite,  le  "casus  foederis" 
'se  presentera  simultanement  pour  toutes  les  hautes  parties 
'  contractantes. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

'Dans  le  cas  ou  une  grande  puissance  non  signataire  du  present 
'traite  menacerait  la  securite  des  etats  de  1'une  des  hautes  parties 
'  contractantes  et  la  partie  menacee  se  verrait  par  la  forcee  de  lui 
'faire  la  guerre,  les  deux  autres  s'obligent  a  observer,  a  1'egard  de 
'leur  allie,  une  neutralite  bienveillante.  Chacune  se  reserve,  dans 
'  ce  cas,  la  faculte  de  prendre  part  a  la  guerre,  si  elle  le  jugeait  a 
'propos,  pour  faire  cause  commune  avec  son  allie. 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          247 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States. 

They  engage  to  proceed  to  an  exchange  of  ideas  on  political 
and  economic  questions  of  a  general  nature  which  may  arise,  and 
they  further  promise  one  another  mutual  support  within  the 
limits  of  their  own  interests. 

ARTICLE  II. 

In  case  Italy,  without  direct  provocation  on  her  part,  should 
be  attacked  by  France  for  any  reason  whatsoever,  the  two  other 
Contracting  Parties  shall  be  bound  to  lend  help  and  assistance 
with  all  their  forces  to  the  Party  attacked. 

This  same  obligation  shall  devolve  upon  Italy  in  case  of  any 
aggression  without  direct  provocation  by  France  against  Ger- 
many. 

ARTICLE  III. 

If  one,  or  two,  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  without  direct 
provocation  on  their  part,  should  chance  to  be  attacked  and  to 
be  engaged  in  a  war  with  two  or  more  Great  Powers  nonsigna- 
tory  to  the  present  Treaty,  the  casus  foederis  will  arise  simul- 
taneously for  all  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

In  case  a  Great  Power  nonsignatory  to  the  present  Treaty 
should  threaten  the  security  of  the  states  of  one  of  the  High  Con- 
tracting Parties,  and  the  threatened  Party  should  find  itself 
forced  on  that  account  to  make  war  against  it,  the  two  others 
bind  themselves  to  observe  towards  their  Ally  a  benevolent  neu- 
trality. Each  of  them  reserves  to  itself,  in  this  case,  the  right  to 
take  part  in  the  war,  if  it  should  see  fit,  to  make  common  cause 
with  its  Ally. 


248          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  V. 

'Si  la  paix  de  Tune  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  venait  a 
'etre  menacee  dans  les  circonstances  prevues  par  les  articles 
'precedents,  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  concerteront  en 
'temps  utile  sur  les  mesures  militaires  a  prendre  en  vue  d'une 
*  cooperation  eventuelle. 

'  Elles  s'engagent,  des  a  present,  dans  tous  les  cas  de  participa- 
'  tion  commune  a  une  guerre,  a  ne  conclure  ni  armistice,  ni  paix, 
'ni  traite,  que  d'un  commun  accord  entre  elles. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

'L'Allemagne  et  1'Italie  n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  maintien,  autant 
'que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient,  s'engagent  a  user 
'de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir  sur  les  cotes  et  iles  ottomanes 
'  dans  la  mer  Adriatique  et  dans  la  mer  Egee  toute  modification 
'  territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  Tune  ou  a  1'autre  des  puis- 
'sances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communiqueront, 
'  a  cet  effet,  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer  mutuelle- 
'ment  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles  d'autres 
'puissances. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

'  L'Autriche-Hongrie  et  1'Italie,  n'ayant  en  vue  que  le  main- 
'tien,  autant  que  possible,  du  statu  quo  territorial  en  Orient, 
'  s'engagent  a  user  de  leur  influence  pour  prevenir  toute  modifica- 
'tion  territoriale  qui  porterait  dommage  a  1'une  ou  a  1'autre  des 
'puissances  signataires  du  present  traite.  Elles  se  communi- 
'  queront,  a  cet  effet,  tous  les  renseignements  de  nature  a  s'eclairer 
'  mutuellement  sur  leurs  propres  dispositions,  ainsi  que  sur  celles 
'd'autres  puissances.  Toutefois  dans  le  cas  ou,  par  suite  des 
'  e  venements,  le  maintien  du  statu  quo  dans  les  regions  des  Bal- 
'  cans  ou  des  cotes  et  iles  ottomanes  dans  1'Adriatique  et  dans  la 
'mer  Egee  deviendrait  impossible  et  que,  soit  en  consequence  de 
'Faction  d'une  puissance  tierce  soit  autrement,  1'Autriche- 
'Hongrie  ou  1'Italie  se  verraient  dans  la  necessite  de  le  modifier 
'par  une  occupation  temporaire  ou  permanente  de  leur  part,  cette 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          249 

ARTICLE  V. 

If  the  peace  of  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should 
chance  to  be  threatened  under  the  circumstances  foreseen  by  the 
preceding  Articles,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  take 
counsel  together  hi  ample  time  as  to  the  military  measures  to 
be  taken  with  a  view  to  eventual  cooperation. 

They  engage,  henceforth,  in  all  cases  of  common  participation 
in  a  war,  to  conclude  neither  armistice,  nor  peace,  nor  treaty, 
except  by  common  agreement  among  themselves. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Germany  and  Italy,  having  in  mind  only  the  maintenance,  so 
far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  Orient,  engage 
to  use  their  influence  to  forestall  on  the  Ottoman  coasts  and  islands 
in  the  Adriatic  and  the  Aegean  Seas  any  territorial  modifica- 
tion which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  Powers 
signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end,  they  will  communi- 
cate to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  enlighten  each 
other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions,  as  well  as  those 
of  other  Powers. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

Austria-Hungary  and  Italy,  having  in  mind  only  the  mainten- 
ance, so  far  as  possible,  of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  Orient, 
engage  to  use  their  influence  to  forestall  any  territorial  modifica- 
tion which  might  be  injurious  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  Powers 
signatory  to  the  present  Treaty.  To  this  end,  they  shall  com- 
municate to  one  another  all  information  of  a  nature  to  enlighten 
each  other  mutually  concerning  their  own  dispositions,  as  well 
as  those  of  other  Powers.  However,  if,  in  the  course  of  events, 
the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  in  the  regions  of  the  Balkans 
or  of  the  Ottoman  coasts  and  islands  in  the  Adriatic  and  in  the 
Aegean  Sea  should  become  impossible,  and  if,  whether  hi  con- 
sequence of  the  action  of  a  third  Power  or  otherwise,  Austria- 
Hungary  or  Italy  should  find  themselves  under  the  necessity  of 
modifying  it  by  a  temporary  or  permanent  occupation  on  their 


250          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'occupation  n'aura  lieu  qu'apres  un  accord  prealable  entre  les 
'deux  puissances,  base  sur  le  principe  d'une  compensation  reci- 
'proque  pour  tout  avantage,  territorial  ou  autre,  que  chacune 
'd'elles  obtiendrait  en  sus  du  statu  quo  actuel  et  donnant  satis- 
faction aux  interets  et  aux  pretentions  bien  fondees  des  deux 
'parties. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

'Les  stipulations  des  articles  VI  et  VII  ne  s'appliqueront 
'd'aucune  maniere  a  la  question  egyptienne  au  sujet  de  laquelle 
'les  hautes  parties  contractantes  conservent  respectivement  leur 
'liberte  d'action,  eu  egard  tou jours  aux  principes  sur  lesquels 
'  repose  le  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

'L'Allemagne  et  1'Italie  s'engagent  a  s'employer  pour  le  main- 
'  tien  du  statu  quo  territorial  dans  les  regions  nord-africaines  sur 
'la  Mediterranee  a  savoir  la  Cyrenai'que,  la  Tripolitaine  et  la 
'Tunisie.  Les  representants  des  deux  puissances  dans  ces  regions 
'auront  pour  instruction  de  se  tenir  dans  la  plus  etroite  intimite 
'  de  communications  et  assistance  mutuelles. 

'Si  malheureusement,  en  suite  d'un  mur  examen  de  la  situa- 
'tion,  rAllemagne  et  1'Italie  reconnaissaient  1'une  et  Fautre  que 
'  le  maintien  du  statu  quo  devenait  impossible,  1'Allemagne  s'en- 
'gage,  apres  un  accord  formel  et  prealable,  a  appuyer  1'Italie  en 
'  toute  action  sous  la  forme  d'occupation  ou  autre  prise  de  garan- 
'tie  que  cette  derniere  devrait  entreprendre  dans  ces  memes 
'regions  en  vue  d'un  interet  d'equilibre  et  de  legitime  compen- 
'sation. 

'II  est  entendu  que  pour  pareille  eventualite  les  deux  puis- 
'sances  chercheraient  a  se  mettre  egalement  d'accord  avec 
'  1'Angleterre. 

ARTICLE  X. 

'S'il  arrivait  que  la  France  fit  acte  d'etendre  son  occupation  ou 
'bien  son  protectorat  ou  sa  souverainete,  sous  une  forme  quel- 
'conque,  sur  les  territoires  nord-africains,  et  qu'en  consequence 
'de  ce  fait  1'Italie  crvit  devoir,  pour  sauvegarder  sa  position  dans 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          251 

part,  this  occupation  shall  take  place  only  after  a  previous  agree- 
ment between  the  two  Powers,  based  upon  the  principle  of  a 
reciprocal  compensation  for  every  advantage,  territorial  or  other, 
which  each  of  them  might  obtain  beyond  the  present  status  quo, 
and  giving  satisfaction  to  the  interests  and  well  founded  claims 
of  the  two  Parties. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

The  stipulations  of  Articles  VI  and  VII  shall  apply  in  no  way  to 
the  Egyptian  question,  with  regard  to  which  the  High  Contract- 
ing Parties  preserve  respectively  their  freedom  of  action,  regard 
being  always  paid  to  the  principles  upon  which  the  present  Treaty 
rests. 

ARTICLE  LX. 

Germany  and  Italy  engage  to  exert  themselves  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  North  African  regions 
on  the  Mediterranean,  to  wit,  Cyrenaica,  Tripolitania,  and 
Tunisia.  The  Representatives  of  the  two  Powers  in  these  regions 
shall  be  instructed  to  put  themselves  into  the  closest  intimacy 
of  mutual  communication  and  assistance. 

If  unfortunately,  as  a  result  of  a  mature  examination  of  the 
situation,  Germany  and  Italy  should  both  recognize  that  the 
maintenance  of  the  status  quo  has  become  impossible,  Germany 
engages,  after  a  formal  and  previous  agreement,  to  support 
Italy  in  any  action  in  the  form  of  occupation  or  other  taking  of 
guaranty  which  the  latter  should  undertake  in  these  same 
regions  with  a  view  to  an  interest  of  equilibrium  and  of  legitimate 
compensation. 

It  is  understood  that  in  such  an  eventuality  the  two  Powers 
would  seek  to  place  themselves  likewise  in  agreement  with 
England. 

ARTICLE  X. 

If  it  were  to  happen  that  France  should  make  a  move  to  extend 
her  occupation,  or  even  her  protectorate  or  her  sovereignty, 
under  any  form  whatsoever,  in  the  North  African  territories, 
and  that  in  consequence  thereof  Italy,  in  order  to  safeguard  her 


252          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'la  Mediterranee,  entreprendre  elle-meme  une  action  sur  les  dits 
'territoires  nord-africains,  ou  bien  recourir  sur  le  territoire  fran- 
'c.ais  en  Europe  aux  mesures  extremes,  1'etat  de  guerre  qui 
's'ensuivrait  entre  1'Italie  et  la  France  constituerait  ipso  facto, 
'sur  la  demande  de  1'Italie,  et  a  la  charge  commune  de  1'Alle- 
'magne  et  de  1'Italie,  le  casus  foederis  prevu  par  les  articles  II  et 
'V  du  present  traite,  comme  si  pareille  eventualite  y  etait  ex- 
'pressement  vis£e. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

'  Si  les  chances  de  toute  guerre  entreprise  en  commun  centre  la 
'France  par  les  deux  puissances  amenaient  1'Italie  a  rechercher 
'des  garanties  territoriales  a  1'egard  de  la  France  pour  la  securite 
'  des  f rontieres  du  royaume  et  de  sa  position  maritime,  ainsi  qu'en 
'vue  de  la  stabilite  et  de  la  paix,  1'Allemagne  n'y  mettra  aucun 
'obstacle,  et  au  besoin,  et  dans  une  mesure  compatible  avec  les 
'circonstances,  s'appliquera  a  faciliter  les  moyens  d'atteindre  un 
'semblable  but. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

'Les  puissances  signataires  se  reservent  d'y  introduire  ulteri- 
'eurement,  sous  forme  de  protocole  et  d'un  commun  accord,  les 
'modifications  dont  1'utilite  serait  demontree  par  les  circonstances. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

'Le  present  traite  restera  en  vigueur  pour  1'espace  de  six  ans 
'a  partir  de'  1'expiration  du  traite  actuel;  'mais  s'il  n'avait  pas 
'etc  denonce  un  an  a  1'avance  par  Tune  ou  1'autre  des  hautes 
'parties  contractantes,  il  restera  en  vigueur  pour  la  meme  duree 
'de  six  autres  annees. 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          253 

position  in  the  Mediterranean,  should  feel  that  she  must  herself 
undertake  action  in  the  said  North  African  territories,  or 
even  have  recourse  to  extreme  measures  in  French  territory  in 
Europe,  the  state  of  war  which  would  thereby  ensue  between 
Italy  and  France  would  constitute  ipso  facto,  on  the  demand  of 
Italy,  and  at  the  common  charge  of  Germany  and  Italy,  the 
casus  foederis  foreseen  by  Articles  II  and  V  of  the  present  Treaty, 
as  if  such  an  eventuality  were  expressly  contemplated  therein. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

If  the  fortunes  of  any  war  undertaken  in  common  against 
France  by  the  two  Powers  should  lead  Italy  to  seek  for  territorial 
guaranties  with  respect  to  France  for  the  security  of  the  fron- 
tiers of  the  Kingdom  and  of  her  maritime  position,  as  well  as 
with  a  view  to  stability  and  to  peace,  Germany  will  present  no 
obstacle  thereto,  and,  if  need  be,  and  in  a  measure  compatible 
with  circumstances,  will  apply  herself  to  facilitating  the  means  of 
attaining  such  a  purpose. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as 
to  the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

The  Signatory  Powers  reserve  the  right  of  subsequently  in- 
troducing, in  the  form  of  a  Protocol  and  of  a  common  agreement, 
the  modifications  of  which  the  utility  should  be  demonstrated 
by  circumstances. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  the  space  of  six 
years,  dating  from  the  expiration  of  the  Treaty  now  in  force;  but 
if  it  has  not  been  denounced  one  year  in  advance  by  one  or  an- 
other of  the  High  Contracting  Parties,  it  shall  remain  in  force 
for  the  same  duration  of  six  more  years. 


254          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

ARTICLE  XV. 

'Les  ratifications  du  present  traite  seront  echangees'  a  Vienne, 
'dans  un  delai  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
'present  traite  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Vienne,  en  triple  exemplaire,  le  cinquieme  jour  du  mois 
de  decembre  mil  neuf  cent  douze. 

L.  S.  Berchtold. 

L.  S.  von  Tschirschky. 

L.  S.  Avarna. 

(b) 

First  Final  Protocol  concerning  the  mutual  granting  of  commercial 

advantages,  and  concerning  means  of  bringing  about  the  accession  of 

Great  Britain  to  the  Articles  of  the  Treaty  relating  to  Mediterranean 

questions.     Vienna,  December  5,  1912? 

PROTOCOLS. 

'Au  moment  de  proceder  a  la  signature  du  traite  de  ce  jour 
'entre  PAutriche-Hongrie,  1'Allemagne  et  1'Italie,  les  plenipo- 
'tentiaires  soussignes  de  ces  trois  puissances,  a  ce  dument  auto- 
'  rises,  se  declarent  mutuellement  ce  qui  suit: 

'i)  Sauf  reserve  d'approbation  parlementaire  pour  les  stipu- 
lations effectives  qui  decouleraient  de  la  presente  declaration  de 
'principe  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent,  des  ce 
'moment,  en  matiere  economique  (finances,  douanes,  chemins  de 
'  f er)  en  sus  du  traitement  de  la  nation  la  plus  f  avorisee,  toutes  les 
'facilites  et  tous  les  avantages  particuliers  qui  seraient  compati- 
'  bles  avec  les  exigences  de  chacun  des  trois  etats  et  avec  leurs  en- 
'gagements  respectifs  avec  les  tierces  puissances. 

'2)  L'accession  de  1'Angleterre  etant  deja  acquise,  en  prin- 
'  cipe,  aux  stipulations  du  traite  de  ce  jour  qui  concernent  FOrient, 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  December  10, 
1912  (draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIa,  n.  138);  of  Emperor  William  II, 
New  Palace,  December  12,  1912  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen 
Ratifikationen) ;  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel  III,  Rome,  December  16, 191 2  (original : 
ibid.);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  December  19,  1912  (original: 
Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIa,  n.  140). 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          255 

ARTICLE  XV. 

The  ratifications  of  the  present  Treaty  shall  be  exchanged  at 
Vienna  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of 
their  arms. 

Done  at  Vienna,  in  triplicate,  the  fifth  day  of  the  month  of 
December,  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  twelve. 

L.  S.  Berchtold. 

L.  S.  von  Tschirschky. 

L.  S.  Avarna. 

(b) 

First  Final  Protocol  concerning  the  mutual  granting  of  commercial 

advantages,  and  concerning  means  of  bringing  about  the  accession  of 

Great  Britain  to  the  Articles  of  the  Treaty  relating  to  Mediterranean 

questions.     Vienna,  December  5,  1912. 

PROTOCOL. 

At  the  moment  of  proceeding  to  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of 
this  day  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany  and  Italy,  the 
undersigned  Plenipotentiaries  of  these  three  Powers,  thereto 
duly  authorized,  mutually  declare  themselves  as  follows: 

1 .  Under  reserve  of  parliamentary  approval  for  the  executory 
stipulations  proceeding  from  the  present  declaration  of  principle, 
the  High  Contracting  Parties  promise  each  other,  from  this  mo- 
ment, in  economic  matters   (finances,  customs,  railroads),  in 
addition  to  most-favored-nation  treatment,  all  of  the  facilities 
and  special  advantages  which  would  be  compatible  with  the 
requirements  of  each  of  the  three  States  and  with  their  respective 
engagements  with  third  Powers. 

2.  The  accession  of  England  being  already  acquired,  in  prin- 
ciple, to  the  stipulations  of  the  Treaty  of  this  day  which  concern 

1  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  40, 
Geheimakten,  XLIII  a. 

This  Final  Protocol  is  inserted  only  in  the  Italian  ratification. 


256          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

'proprement  dit,  a  savoir  les  territoires  de  1'empire  ottoman,  les 
'  hautes  parties  contractantes  s'emploieront  ail  moment  opportun, 
'  et  pour  autant  que  les  circonstances  le  comporteraient,  a  provo- 
'quer  une  accession  analogue  a  1'egard  des  territoires  nord- 
'africains  de  la  partie  centrale  et  occidentale  de  la  Mediterranee, 
'le  Maroc  compris.  Cette  accession  pourrait  se  realiser  moyen- 
'nant  acceptation,  de  la  part  de  1'Angleterre,  du  programme  eta- 
'bli  aux  articles  IX  et  X  du  traite  de  ce  jour. 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  trois  plenipotentiaires  ont  signe,  en  triple 
'  exemplaire,  le  present  protocole. 

Fait  a  Vienne,  le  cinquieme  jour  du  mois  de  decembre  mil  neuf 
cent  douze. 

Berchtold. 

von  Tschirschky. 

Avarna. 


Second  Final  Protocol  concerning  North  Africa,  Albania,  and  Novi- 
Bazar.     Vienna,  December  5,  1912* 

PROTOCOLE. 

Au  moment  de  proceder  a  la  signature  du  traite  de  ce  jour  entre 
1'Autriche-Hongrie,  rAllemagne  et  1'Italie,  les  plenipotentiaires 
soussignes  de  ces  trois  puissances,  a  ce  dument  autorises,  se 
declarent  mutuellement  ce  qui  suit: 

(1)  II  est  entendu  que  le  statu  quo  territorial  dans  les  regions 
nord-africaines  sur  la  Mediterranee  mentionne  dans  1'article  IX 
du  traite  du  28  juin  1902  implique  la  souverainete  de  1'Italie  sur 
la  Tripolitaine  et  la  Cyrenai'que. 

(2)  II  est  egalement  entendu  que  1'article  X  du  meme  traite  a 
pour  base  le  statu  quo  territorial  existant  dans  les  regions  nord- 
africaines  au  moment  de  la  signature  du  traite. 

(3)  II  est  entendu  que  les  arrangements  speciaux  concernant 
FAlbanie  et  le  sandjak  de  Novi-Bazar  convenus  entre  1'Autriche- 
Hongrie  et  1'Italie  le  20  decembre  1900  5/9  fevrier  1901  et  le  20 

4  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  40, 
Geheimakten,  XLIII  a. 

This  Final  Protocol  is  inserted  in  all  the  ratifications. 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE          257 

the  Orient,  properly  so-called,  to  wit,  the  territories  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  the  High  Contracting  Parties  shall  exert  themselves 
at  the  opportune  moment,  and  to  the  extent  that  circumstances 
may  permit  it,  to  bring  about  an  analogous  accession  with  regard 
to  the  North  African  territories  of  the  central  and  western  part 
of  the  Mediterranean,  including  Morocco.  This  accession  might 
be  realized  by  an  acceptance,  on  the  part  of  England,  of  the 
programme  established  by  Articles  IX  and  X  of  the  Treaty  of 
this  day. 

In  witness  whereof  the  three  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the 
present  Protocol  in  triplicate. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  fifth  day  of  the  month  of  December,  one 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  twelve. 

Berchtold. 

von  Tschirschky. 

Avarna. 

w 

Second  Final  Protocol  concerning  North  Africa,  Albania,  and  Novi- 
Bazar.     Vienna,  December  5,  1912. 

PROTOCOL. 

At  the  moment  of  proceeding  to  the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of 
this  day  between  Austria-Hungary,  Germany,  and  Italy,  the 
undersigned  Plenipotentiaries  of  these  three  Powers,  thereto  duly 
authorized,  mutually  declare  themselves  as  follows: 

1 .  It  is  understood  that  the  territorial  status  quo  in  the  North 
African  regions  on  the  Mediterranean  mentioned  in  Article  LX 
of  the  Treaty  of  June  28,  1902,  implies  the  sovereignty  of  Italy 
over  Tripolitania  and  Cyrenaica. 

2.  It  is  likewise  understood  that  Article  X  of  the  same  Treaty 
has  for  its  basis  the  existing  territorial  status  quo  in  the  North 
African  regions  at  the  moment  of  the  signing  of  the  Treaty. 

3.  It  is  understood  that  the  special  arrangements  concerning 
Albania  and  the  Sanjak  of  Novi-Bazar  agreed  upon  between 
Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  on  December  20,  iQoo/February  9, 

8  See  pp.  196,  198. 


258          FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

novembre/i5  decembre  igog6  ne  sont  pas  modifies  par  le  re- 
nouvellement  du  traite  d'alliance  entre  FAutriche-Hongrie,  1'Alle- 
magne  et  1'Italie. 

En  foi  de  quoi  les  trois  plenipotentiaires  ont  signe,  en  triple 
exemplaire,  le  present  protocole. 

Fait  a  Vienne,  le  cinquieme  jour  du  mois  de  decembre  mil  neuf 
cent  douze. 

L.  S.  Berchtold. 

L.  S.  von  Tschirschky. 

L.  S.  Avarna. 

6  See  pp.  240,  242. 


FIFTH  TREATY  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE         259 

1901,  and  on  November  2o/December  15,  1909,  are  not  modified 
by  the  renewal  of  the  Treaty  of  Alliance  between  Austria-Hun- 
gary, Germany,  and  Italy. 

In  witness  whereof  the  three  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the 
present  Protocol  in  triplicate. 

Done  at  Vienna,  the  fifth  day  of  the  month  of  December,  one 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  twelve. 

L.  S.  Berchtold. 

L.  S.  von  Tschirschky. 

L.  S.  Avarna. 


260  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

26. 

FOURTH   TREATY   OF   ALLIANCE   OF   RUMANIA 

WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  GERMANY, 

AND   ITALY.     1913. 

(a) 

Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  renewing  the 

Alliances  of  1892,  1896,  and  ipoj.    Bucharest, 

February  5,  ipi 3* 

'S.  M.  Fempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apo- 
'stolique  de  Hongrie  et  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  animes  d'un 
'egal  desir  de  maintenir  la  paix  generate  conformement  au  but 
'poursuivi  par  Falliance  austro-hongroise-allemande,  d'assurer 
Tordre  politique  et  de  garantir  centre  toutes  les  eventualites  la 
'parfaite  amitie  qui  les  lie,  ayant  pris  en  consideration  les  stipu- 
lations du  traite  signe  a  cette  fin  le  25  juillet  1892  entre  1'Au- 
'  triche-Hongrie  et  la  Roumanie,  traite  qui  par  sa  nature  essentiel- 
'lement  conserva trice  et  defensive  ne  poursuit  que  le  but  de  les 
'premunir  centre  les  dangers  qui  pourraient  menacer  la  paix  de 
'leurs  etats,  et  desirant  constater  une  fois  de  plus  Fentente 
'etablie  entre  L.  L.  M.  M.  en  prevision  de  certaines  eventualites 
'mentionnees  dans  le  traite  du  25  juillet  1892  dont  la  duree  a  ete 
'prolongee  jusqu'au  25  juillet  1903  par  le  protocole  signe  a  Sinaia 
'le  30  septembre  1896,'  et  qui  a  ete  renouvele  par  le  traite  signe  a 
Bucarest  le  17  avril  1902,  'ont  resolu  de  renouveler  et  de  con- 
'  firmer  par  un  nouvel  accord  les  engagements  contenus  dans  le 
'  susdit  traite. 

'A  cet  effet  L.  L.  dites  M.  M.  ont  nomme  pour  leurs  plenipo- 
'tentiaires  savoir: 

S.  M.  Fempereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
lique  de  Hongrie:  le  sieur  Charles  Emile  prince  de  Fiirstenberg, 
son  chambellan,  envoye  extraordinaure  et  ministre  plenipoten- 

1  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  41, 
Geheimakten,  XLIII  b,  34,  35. 

This  Alliance  was  terminated  by  the  Declaration  of  War  of  August  27, 1916. 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  261 


26. 

FOURTH   TREATY   OF   ALLIANCE   OF   RUMANIA 

WITH  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY,  GERMANY, 

AND  ITALY.     1913. 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania  renewing  the 

Alliances  of  1892,  1896,  and  1903.    Bucharest, 

February  5,  1913. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Rumania,  animated  by  an  equal  desire  to  maintain  the  general 
peace,  in  conformity  with  the  purpose  pursued  by  the  Austro- 
Hungarian-German  Alliance,  to  assure  the  political  order,  and 
to  guarantee  against  all  eventualities  the  perfect  friendship  which 
binds  Them  together,  having  taken  into  consideration  the  stipu- 
lations of  the  Treaty  signed  to  this  end  on  July  25,  1892,  between 
Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania,  a  Treaty  which  by  its  essen- 
tially conservative  and  defensive  nature  pursues  only  the  aim 
of  forestalling  the  dangers  which  might  menace  the  peace  of  Their 
States,  and  desiring  to  record  once  more  the  understanding 
established  between  Their  Majesties  in  prospect  of  certain 
eventualities  mentioned  in  the  Treaty  of  July  25,  1892,  the  dura- 
tion of  which  was  prolonged  until  July  25,  1903,  by  the  Protocol 
signed  at  Sinaia  on  September  30,  1896,  and  which  was  renewed 
by  the  Treaty  signed  at  Bucharest  on  April  17,  1902,  have  re- 
solved to  renew  and  to  confirm  by  a  new  agreement  the  engage- 
ments contained  in  the  aforesaid  Treaty. 

For  this  purpose  Their  said  Majesties  have  named  as  Their 
Plenipotentiaries,  to  wit: 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary:  the  Sieur  Charles  Kmil  Prince 
von  Fiirstenberg,  His  Chamberlain,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania, 


262  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

tiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  chevalier  des  ordres  autri- 
chiens  imperiaux  de  Leopold  et  de  la  couronne  de  fer  III.  classe, 
S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie:  le  sieur  Titus  Majoresco,  president 
du  conseil  des  ministres,  son  ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres, 
grand  croix  de  1'ordre  de  1'etoile  de  Roumanie  et  de  Tordre  autri- 
chien  imperial  de  Leopold,  'lesquels,  apres  s'etre  communiques 
'leurs  pleins-pouvoirs,  trouves  en  bonne  et  due  forme,  sont  con- 
'venus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

'Sont  renouvelees  et  confirmees  de  commun  accord  les  stipu- 
'lations  contenues  dans  les  articles  i,  2,  3,  4,  et  6  du  traite  signe 
'le  25  juillet  1892  entre  1'Autriche-Hongrie  et  la  Roumanie,  et 
'dont  le  texte  suit  ci-apres: 

ARTICLE  i. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  paix  et  amitie 
'  et  n'entreront  dans  aucune  alliance  ou  engagement  diriges  centre 
'  Tun  de  leurs  etats. 

'Elles  s'engagent  a  suivre  une  politique  amicale  et  a  se  preter 
'  un  appui  mutuel  dans  la  liinite  de  leurs  interets. 

ARTICLE  2. 

'Si  la  Roumanie,  sans  provocation  aucune  de  sa  part,  venait 
'a  etre  attaquee,  rAutriche-Hongrie  est  tenue  a  lui  porter  en 
'temps  utile  secours  et  assistance  centre  1'agresseur.  Si  1'Au- 
'  triche-Hongrie  etait  attaquee  dans  les  memes  circonstances  dans 
'  une  partie  de  ses  etats  limitrophe  a  la  Roumanie  le  casus  foederis 
'  se  presentera  aussitot  pour  cette  derniere. 

ARTICLE  3. 

'Si  une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  trouvait  menacee 
'  d'une  agression  dans  les  conditions  susmentionnees,  les  gouverne- 
'ments  respectifs  se  mettront  d'accord  sur  les  mesures  a  prendre 
'en  vue  d'une  cooperation  de  leurs  armees.  Ces  questions  mili- 
'  taires,  notamment  celles  de  1'unite  des  operations  et  du  passage 
'des  territoires  respectfis,  seront  reglees  par  une  convention 
'militaire. 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  263 

Chevalier  of  the  Imperial  Austrian  Orders  of  Leopold  and  of  the 
Iron  Crown,  Third  Class;  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania: 
the  Sieur  Titus  Majoresco,  President  of  the  Council  of  Ministers, 
His  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the 
Star  of  Rumania  and  of  the  Imperial  Austrian  Order  of  Leopold, 
who,  after  having  communicated  to  each  other  their  full  powers, 
found  in  good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following 
Articles : 

ARTICLE  I. 

Renewed  and  confirmed  by  common  agreement  are  the  stipu- 
lations contained  in  Articles  i,  2,  3,  4,  and  6  of  the  Treaty  signed 
on  July  25,  1892,  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Rumania,  and 
the  text  of  which  follows  below: 

ARTICLE  i. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  promise  one  another  peace  and 
friendship,  and  will  enter  into  no  alliance  or  engagement  directed 
against  any  one  of  their  States. 

They  engage  to  follow  a  friendly  policy,  and  to  lend  one  another 
mutual  support  within  the  limits  of  their  interests. 

ARTICLE  2. 

If  Rumania,  without  any  provocation  on  her  part,  should  be 
attacked,  Austria-Hungary  is  bound  to  bring  her  in  ample  tune 
help  and  assistance  against  the  aggressor.  If  Austria-Hungary 
be  attacked  under  the  same  circumstances  in  a  portion  of  her 
states  bordering  on  Rumania,  the  casus  foederis  will  immediately 
arise  for  the  latter. 

ARTICLE  3. 

If  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should  find  itself 
threatened  by  an  aggression  under  the  abovementioned  condi- 
tions, the  respective  Governments  shall  put  themselves  in  agree- 
ment as  to  the  measures  to  be  taken  with  a  view  to  cooperation 
of  their  armies.  These  military  questions,  especially  those  of 
the  unity  of  operations  and  of  passage  through  the  respective 
territories,  shall  be  regulated  by  a  military  convention. 


264  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

ARTICLE  4. 

'  Si  contrairement  a  leur  desir  et  espoir  les  hautes  parties  con- 
'tractantes  etaient  forcees  a  une  guerre  commune  dans  les  cir- 
'  Constances  prevues  par  les  articles  precedents,  elles  s'engagent  a 
'ne  negocier  ni  conclure  separement  la  paix. 

ARTICLE  6. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'le  secret  sur  le  contenu  du  present  traite. 

ARTICLE  II. 

'  Les  articles  ci-dessus  reproduits  resteront  en  vigueur '  jusqu'au 
8  juillet  1920.  'Si  une  annee  avant  son  expiration  le  present 
'  traite  n'est  pas  denonce  ou  si  la  revision  n'en  est  pas  demandee 
'par  aucune  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  il  sera  considere 
'comme  prolonge  pour  la  duree'  de  six  annees  'et  ainsi  de  suite 
'de'  six  ans  a  six  ans  'a  defaut  de  denonciation. 

ARTICLE  III. 

'Le  present  traite  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  seront  €chan- 
'gees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  tot  si  faire  se  peut.2 

'  En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectif s  Tont  signe  et  y 
'ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Bucarest  le  cinquieme  jour  du  mois  de  fevrier  de  1'an  de 
grace  mil  neuf  cent  treize. 

L.  S.  Prince  Charles  Emile  de  Fiirstenberg. 

L.  S.  T.  Maioresco. 

2  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  February  9, 
1913  (draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIb,  n.  36);  of  King  Charles,  Bucha- 
rest, January  3o/February  12,  1913  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  265 

ARTICLE  4. 

If,  contrary  to  their  desire  and  hope,  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  are  forced  into  a  common  war  under  the  circumstances 
foreseen  by  the  preceding  Articles,  they  engage  neither  to  negoti- 
ate nor  to  conclude  peace  separately. 

ARTICLE  6. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  of  the  present  Treaty. 

ARTICLE  II. 

The  Articles  reproduced  above  shall  remain  in  force  until  July 
8,  1920.  If  the  present  Treaty  is  not  denounced  one  year  before 
its  expiration,  or  if  its  revision  is  not  demanded  by  either  of  the 
High  Contracting  Parties,  it  shall  be  regarded  as  prolonged  for 
a  period  of  six  years,  and  so  on  from  six  years  to  six  years  in  de- 
fault of  denunciation. 

ARTICLE  III. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifications  shall 
be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner  if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  fifth  day  of  the  month  of  February  in 
the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirteen. 

L.  S.  Prince  Charles  Emile  de  Fiirstenberg. 

L.  S.  T.  Maioresco. 

Ratifikationen) ;    Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Bucharest,  January  3o/ 
February  12,  1913  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIb,  n.  63). 


266  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 

Rumania  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the 

Alliance.    Bucharest,  February  13/26,  1913? 

'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apo- 
'stolique  de  Hongrie  et  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  ayant  conclu  a 
'Bucarest'  le  5  fevrier  'de  1'annee  courante  le  traite  d'amitie  et 
'd'alliance  suivant: 

[Articles  I-III  of  the  Treaty  of  February  5,  1913,  follow.] 
'ont  invite  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse  a 
'acceder  aux  dispositions  du  susdit  traite. 

'En  consequence  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
'a  muni  de  ses  pleins-pouvoirs  a  cet  effet  son  representant  a 
'Bucarest  le  soussigne  sieur'  Jules  de  Waldthausen,  son  'envoye 
'extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire'  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de 
Roumanie,  'pour  adherer  formellement  aux  stipulations  con- 
'  tenues  dans  le  traite  susmentionne.  En  vertu  de  cet  acte  d'acces- 
'sion  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  prend  au  nom 
'de  1'empire  d'Allemagne  envers  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Au- 
'  triche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et  le  roi 
'de  Roumanie,  et  en  meme  temps  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Au- 
'  triche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  et  le  roi 
'de  Roumanie  par  les  soussignes,'  le  sieur  Charles  Emile  prince 
de  Fiirstenberg,  son  chambellan,  envoye  extraordinaire  et 
ministre  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie,  et  le 
sieur  Titus  Majoresco,  president  du  conseil  des  ministres,  son 
ministre  des  affaires  etrangeres,  'dument  autorises  a  cet  effet, 
'prennent  envers  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
'les  memes  engagements  auxquels  les  hautes  parties  contractantes 
'se  sont  mutuellement  obligees  par  les  stipulations  du  dit  traite 
'insere  ci-dessus. 

3  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  42, 
Geheimakten,  XLIIIb,  nn.  60,  67. 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  267 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 

Rumania  providing  for  the  accession  of  Germany  to  the 

Alliance.     Bucharest,  February  13/26,  1913. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Rumania  having  concluded  at  Bucharest  on  February  5  of  the 
current  year  the  following  Treaty  of  friendship  and  alliance: 

[Articles  I-III  of  the  Treaty  of  February  5,  1913,  follow] 

have  invited  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  to  accede  to  the  provisions  of  the  aforesaid  Treaty. 

Consequently  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  has  furnished  with  His  full  powers  for  this  purpose  His 
Representative  at  Bucharest,  the  undersigned  Sieur  Julius  von 
Waldthausen,  His  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  to  adhere  form- 
ally to  the  provisions  contained  in  the  abovementioned  Treaty. 
In  virtue  of  this  Act  of  Accession  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of 
Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  takes  in  the  name  of  the  German 
Empire  towards  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King 
of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  the  King 
of  Rumania,  and  at  the  same  time  Their  Majesties  the  Emperor 
of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hun- 
gary, and  the  King  of  Rumania  by  the  undersigned,  the  Sieur 
Charles  Emil  Prince  von  Fiirstenberg,  His  Chamberlain,  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Rumania,  and  the  Sieur  Titus  Majoresco,  President  of 
the  Council  of  Ministers,  His  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  duly 
authorized  for  this  purpose,  take  towards  His  Majesty  the  Em- 
peror of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the  same  engagements  by 
which  the  High  Contracting  Parties  have  mutually  bound  them- 
selves according  to  the  stipulations  of  the  said  Treaty  inserted 
above. 


268  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'Le  present  acte  d'accession  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications 
'seront  echangees  dans  un  delai  de  trois  semaines  ou  plus  t6t  si 
'  faire  se  peut.4 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et  y 
'ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Bucarest  le  vingt-sixieme/treizieme  jour  du  mois  de 
fevrier  de  Tan  de  grace  mil  neuf  cent  treize. 

L.  S.  Prince  Charles  Emile  de  Fiirstenberg. 

L.  S.  Waldthausen. 

L.  S.  T.  Maioresco. 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy.    Bucharest,  March  5, 


'S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie  et  S.  M.  le  roi  de  Roumanie  ayant  conclu'  a 
Bucarest  le  5  fevrier  de  1'annee  courante  le  traite  d'amitie  et 
d'alliance  suivant: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows} 

'Ce  traite  ayant  recu  [le  13/26  fevrier  1913]  1'accession  de  S. 
'M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  et  ayant  etc  ensuite 
'communique  par  les  hautes  parties  contractantes  susmention- 
'nees  a  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  avec  1'invitation  a  y  acceder,  S.  M.  le 
'  roi  d'ltalie,  approuvant  le  but  pour  lequel  ce  traite  a  etc  conclu 
'et  qui  est  la  conservation  de  la  paix  generate  et  de  1'ordre  exis- 
'tant,  a  autorise  le  soussigne  sieur'  Ch.  baron  Fasciotti,  'son 

4  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  in  one  copy  each  ex- 
changed with  the  German  Empire  and  Rumania,  Vienna,  March  5,  1913  (draft: 
Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIb,  n.  69);  of  Emperor  William  II,  Berlin,  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1913  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifikationen)  ;  of 
King  Charles,  Bucharest,  February  23/March  8,  1913  (original:  ibid.);  Protocol 
of  exchange  of  ratifications  between  Austria-Hungary,  the  German  Empire,  and 
Rumania,  Bucharest,  February  23/March  8,  1913  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheim- 
akten, XLIII  b,  n.  77). 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  269 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  ratified  and  the  ratifica- 
tions shall  be  exchanged  within  a  period  of  three  weeks,  or  sooner 
if  may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  twenty-sixth/thirteenth  day  of  the 
month  of  February  of  the  year  of  grace  one  thousand  nine  hun- 
dred and  thirteen. 

L.  S.  Prince  Charles  Emile  de  Fiirstenberg. 

L.  S.  Waldthausen. 

L.  S.  T.  Maioresco. 


Treaty  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Italy  providing  for  the 
accession  of  Italy.    Bucharest,  March  5,  1913. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Rumania,  having  concluded  on  February  5  of  the  current  year 
the  following  Treaty  of  friendship  and  alliance: 

[The  text  of  the  Treaty  as  above  follows.] 

This  Treaty  having  received  [on  February  13/26,  1913]  the 
accession  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  and  having  been  then  communicated  by  the  High  Con- 
tracting Parties  abovementioned  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
Italy  with  an  invitation  to  accede  thereto,  His  Majesty  the  King 
of  Italy,  approving  the  purpose  for  which  this  Treaty  has  been 
concluded,  and  which  is  the  preservation  of  the  general  peace 
and  of  the  existing  order,  has  authorized  the  undersigned  Sieur 
Ch.  Baron  Fasciotti,  His  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 

'  Original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Vertragsurkunden,  n.  43, 
Geheimakten,  XLIII  b,  n.  75. 

An  identic  Treaty  between  Italy  and  Rumania  was  signed  on  February  27,  1913, 
according  to  a  despatch  of  February  28,  1913  from  the  Austro-Hungarian  Minister. 
The  exchange  of  ratifications  ensued  on  March  13/26,  1913  (Rumanian  Note  of 
April  5/18,  1913:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIII  b,  nn.  62,  82). 


270  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'envoye  extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le 
'roi  de  Roumanie,  a  declarer  en  son  nom  qu'il  accede  au  dit 
'traite  dans  les  limites  ci-apres  indiquees  en  ce  qui  concerne  les 
'stipulations  des  articles  2  et  3  du  traite  de  25  juillet  1892  entre 
TAutriche  et  la  Roumanie,  articles  qui  sont  reproduits  dans 
Tarticle  I  du  traite  ci-dessus  insere,  savoir: 

'  Si  les  eventualites,  pouvant  donner  lieu  au  casus  foederis,  tel 
'qu'il  est  prevu  dans  les'  dits  'articles  2  et  3,  venaient  a  se  pro- 
'duire,  L.  L.  M.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et 
'roi  apostolique  de  Hongrie,  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  le  roi  de  Roumanie 
'prennent  1'engagement  mutuel  de  se  concerter  en  temps  utile 
'  pour  une  action  commune  dont  les  modalites  seront  reglees  par 
'une  convention  speciale. 

'La  presente  accession  sera  en  vigueur  a  dater  du'  8  juillet 
1914  'pour  toute  la  duree  du  traite  principal  du'  5  fevrier  1913 
'  a  moins  qu'elle  ne  soit  denonce  par  une  des  hautes  parties  con- 
'tractantes  en  temps  utOe  conformement  aux  dispositions  de 
Tarticle  II  du  dit  traite  principal. 

'Le  secret  sera  garde  sur  cet  acte  d'accession  qui  ne  pourra 
'etre  revele  sans  le  consentement  de  chacune  des  hautes  parties 
'contractantes. 

'S.  M.  1'eonpereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  aposto- 
'lique  de  Hongrie  a  autorise  de  son  cote  le  soussigne'  sieur 
Charles  Emile  prince  de  Fiirstenberg,  son  chambellan,  envoye 
extraordinaire  et  ministre  plenipotentiaire  pres  S.  M.  le  roi  de 
Roumanie,  'a  declarer  en  son  nom  qu'il  accepte,  dans  les  termes 
'ci-dessus  relates  et  avec  les  memes  obligations  mutuelles,  1'ac- 
' cession  de  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  au  traite'  du  5  fevrier  1913. 

'Le  present  acte  d'accession  et  d'acceptation  sera  ratine  par 
'  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Autriche,  roi  de  Boheme  etc.  et  roi  apostolique 
'de  Hongrie,  et  par  S.  M.  le  roi  d'ltalie  et  les  ratifications  seront 
'echangees  le  plus  tot  possible.6 

6  Ratification  of  Emperor  and  King  Francis  Joseph  I,  Vienna,  March  14,  1913 
(draft:  Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIb,  n.  78);  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel, 
Rome,  March  18,  1913  (original:  Polit.  Arch.,  Sammlung  der  geheimen  Ratifika- 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  271 

Plenipotentiary  to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  to  declare 
in  His  name  that  He  accedes  to  the  said  Treaty  within  the  limits 
indicated  below,  so  far  as  concerns  the  stipulations  of  Articles  2 
and  3  of  the  Treaty  of  July  25,  1892,  between  Austria-Hungary 
and  Rumania,  Articles  which  are  reproduced  in  Article  I  of  the 
Treaty  inserted  above,  to  wit: 

If  eventualities  that  could  give  rise  to  the  casus  foederis  as 
it  is  foreseen  in  the  said  Articles  2  and  3  should  chance  to  occur, 
Their  Majesties  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  the  King  of  Italy,  and  the  King 
of  Rumania  assume  a  mutual  engagement  to  take  counsel  to- 
gether in  ample  tune  as  to  common  action,  the  detailed  procedure 
of  which  shall  be  regulated  by  a  special  convention. 

The  present  Accession  shall  be  in  force,  dating  from  July  8, 
1914,  for  the  whole  duration  of  the  principal  Treaty  of  February 
5,  1913,  unless  it  be  denounced  by  one  of  the  High  Contracting 
Parties  in  the  proper  time  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of 
Article  II  of  the  said  principal  Treaty. 

This  Act  of  Accession  shall  be  kept  secret,  and  cannot  be  re- 
vealed without  the  consent  of  each  of  the  High  Contracting 
Parties. 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia,  etc., 
and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary  has  for  his  part  authorized  the 
undersigned  Sieur  Charles  Emil  Prince  von  Fiirstenberg,  His 
Chamberlain,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Rumania,  to  declare  in  His 
name  that  He  accepts  in  the  terms  above  stated,  and  with  the 
same  mutual  obligations,  the  Accession  of  His  Majesty  the  King 
of  Italy  to  the  Treaty  of  February  5,  1913. 

The  present  Act  of  Accession  and  of  acceptance  shall  be  rati- 
fied by  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Bohemia, 
etc.,  and  Apostolic  King  of  Hungary,  and  by  His  Majesty  the 
King  of  Italy,  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  as  soon 
as  possible. 

tionen);  Protocol  of  exchange  of  ratifications,  Vienna,  March  31,  1913  (draft: 
Polit.  Arch.,  Geheimakten,  XLIII  b,  n.  80). 


272  FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY 

'En  foi  de  quoi  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
'present  acte  et  y  ont  appose  le  cachet  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  B  nearest,  le  cinquieme  jour  du  mois  de  mars  de  Pan 
de  grace  mil  neuf  cent  treize. 

L.  S.  Prince  Charles  Emile  de  Fiirstenberg. 

L.  S.  Fasciotti. 


FOURTH  RUMANIAN  TREATY  273 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Act  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their 
arms. 

Done  at  Bucharest,  the  fifth  day  of  the  month  of  March  of  the 
year  of  grace  one  thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirteen. 

L.  S.  Prince  Charles  Emile  de  Fiirstenberg. 

L.  S.  Fasciotti. 


274  THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY' 

27. 
THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY'   OF  1887. 


Treaty  between  Germany  and  Russia.    Berlin,  June  18,  i88?.1 

Les  cours  imperiales  d'Allemagne  et  de  Russie,  animees  d'un 
egal  desir  de  consolider  la  paix  generate  par  une  entente  destinee 
a  assurer  la  position  defensive  de  leurs  etats  respectifs,  ont  resolu 
de  consacrer  par  un  arrangement  special  1'accord  etabli  entre  elles 
en  vue  de  1'expiration,  a  la  date  du  15/27  Juin  1887,  de  la  validite 
du  traite  et  du  protocole  secrets,  signes  en  1881  et  renouveles  en 
1884  par  les  trois  cours  d'Allemagne,  de  Russie  et  d'Autriche- 
Hongrie. 

A  cet  effet  les  deux  cours  ont  nomine  comme  plenipotentiaires  : 
S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse,  le  sieur  Herbert 

comte  de  Bismarck-Schoenhausen,  son  secretaire  d'etat  au 

departement  des  affaires  etrangeres; 

S.  M.  1'empereur  de  toutes  les  Russies  le  sieur  Paul  comte 

Schouvaloff,  son  ambassadeur  extraordinaire  et  plenipoten- 

tiaire  pres  S.  M.  1'empereur  d'Allemagne,  roi  de  Prusse, 
lesquels  munis  de  pleins-pouvoirs  qui  ont  etc  trouves  en  bonne 
et  due  forme  sont  convenus  des  articles  suivants: 

ARTICLE  I. 

'Dans  le  cas  ou  1'une  des  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  trou- 
'  verait  en  guerre  avec  une  '  troisieme  '  grande  puissance,  '  1'autre 
maintiendrait  'a  son  egard  une  neutralite  bienveillante  et' 
vouerait  ses  'soins  a  la  localisation  du  conflit.'  Cette  disposition 
ne  s'appliquerait  pas  a  une  guerre  centre  1'Autriche  ou  la  France 
dans  le  cas  ou  cette  guerre  resulterait  d'une  attaque  dirigee  centre 

1  Copy  of  the  original,  which  is  in  the  possession  of  Germany.  This  copy  was 
put  at  the  disposal  of  the  Editor  at  the  beginning  of  September,  1919,  on  condition 
that  he  should  not  give  it  out  until  it  had  been  published  from  Berlin.  As  this  has 
since  happened  (Deutsche  Allgemeine  Zeitung,  September  12,  1919),  I  give  here  the 
text  according  to  the  copy  that  was  furnished  me. 


THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY'  275 

27. 
THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY'  OF  1887. 

W 

Treaty  between  Germany  and  Russia.    Berlin,  June  18,  1887. 

The  Imperial  Courts  of  Germany  and  of  Russia,  animated 
by  an  equal  desire  to  strengthen  the  general  peace  by  an  under- 
standing destined  to  assure  the  defensive  position  of  their  re- 
spective States,  have  resolved  to  confirm  the  agreement  estab- 
lished between  them  by  a  special  arrangement,  in  view  of  the 
expiration  on  June  15/27,  1887,  of  the  validity  of  the  secret 
Treaty  and  Protocol,  signed  in  1881  and  renewed  in  1884  by  the 
three  Courts  of  Germany,  Russia,  and  Austria-Hungary. 
To  this  end  the  two  Courts  have  named  as  Plenipotentiaries: 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of  Prussia,  the 
Sieur  Herbert  Count  of  Bismarck-Schoenhausen,  His  Secre- 
tary of  State  in  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs; 

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  All  the  Russias,  the  Sieur  Paul 
Count  Schouvaloff,  His  Ambassador  Extraordinary  and 
Plenipotentiary  to  his  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
King  of  Prussia, 

who,  being  furnished  with  full  powers,  which  have  been  found  in 
good  and  due  form,  have  agreed  upon  the  following  Articles: 

ARTICLE  I. 

In  case  one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties  should  find  itself 
at  war  with  a  third  great  Power,  the  other  would  maintain  a 
benevolent  neutrality  towards  it,  and  would  devote  its  efforts  to 
the  localization  of  the  conflict.  This  provision  would  not  apply 
to  a  war  against  Austria  or  France  in  case  this  war  should  result 

[The  essential  Articles  of  the  'Reinsurance  Treaty,'  as  copied  from  the  Russian 
archives,  were  published  in  an  English  translation  by  Professor  Serge  Goriainov  in 
his  article,  "The  End  of  the  Alliance  of  the  Emperors,"  in  the  American  Historical 
Review,  January,  1918,  pp.  324-349.  This  article,  which  is  of  great  interest,  appears 
not  yet  to  have  attracted  the  attention  of  European  scholars.  A.  C.  C.] 


276  THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY' 

1'une  de  ces  deux  dernieres  puissances  par  1'une  des  hautes  parties 
contractantes. 

ARTICLE  II. 

L'Allemagne  recommit  les  droits  historiquement  acquis  a  la 
Russie  dans  la  presqu'ile  balcanique  et  particulierement  la  legiti- 
mite  de  son  influence  preponderate  et  decisive  en  Bulgarie  et  en 
Roumelie  Orientale.  Les  deux  cours  s'engagent  a  n'admettre 
aucune  modification  du  statu  quo  territorial  de  la  dite  peninsule 
sans  un  accord  prealable  entre  elles,  et  a  s'opposer  eventuellement 
a  toute  tentative  de  porter  atteinte  a  ce  statu  quo  ou  de  la  modi- 
fier sans  leur2  consentement. 

ARTICLE  III. 

'Les'  deux  'cours  reconnaissent  le  caractere  europeen  et  mu- 
'tuellement  obligatoire  du  principe  de  la  fermeture  des  detroits 
'du  Bosphore  et  des  Dardanelles,  fonde  sur  le  droit  des  gens, 
'confirme  par  les  traites  et  resume '  dans  'la  declaration  du  second 
'  plenipotentiaire  de  Russie  a  la  seance  du  1 2  juillet  du  congres  de 
'Berlin  (protocole  19). 

'Elles  veilleront  en  commun  a  ce  que  la  Turquie  ne  fasse  pas 
'd'exception  a  cette  regie  en  faveur  des  interets  d'un  gouverne- 
'ment  quelconque,  en  pretant  a  des  operations  guerrieres  d'une 
'puissance  belligerante  la  partie  de  son  empire  que  forment  les 
'detroits.  En  cas  d'infraction  ou  pour  la  prevenir,  si  une  pareille 
'  infraction  etait  a  prevoir,  les '  deux  '  cours  avertiront  la  Turquie 
'qu'elles  la  considereraient,  le  cas  echeant,  comme  s'etant  mise 
'en  etat  de  guerre  vis-a-vis  de  la  partie  lesee  et  comme  s'etant 
'privee  des  lors  des  benefices  de  securite  assures  par  le  traite  de 
'Berlin  a  son  statu  quo  territorial. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

'Le  present  traite  sera  en  vigueur  pendant  1'espace  de  trois  ans 
'a  dater  du  jour  de  1'echange  des  ratifications. 

*  In  the  original,  "leurs." 


THE  '  REINSURANCE  TREATY  '  277 

from  an  attack  directed  against  one  of  these  two  latter  Powers  by 
one  of  the  High  Contracting  Parties. 


ARTICLE  II. 

Germany  recognizes  the  rights  historically  acquired  by  Russia 
in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  particularly  the  legitimacy  of  her 
preponderant  and  decisive  influence  in  Bulgaria  and  in  Eastern 
Rumelia.  The  two  Courts  engage  to  admit  no  modification  of 
the  territorial  status  quo  of  the  said  peninsula  without  a  previous 
agreement  between  them,  and  to  oppose,  as  occasion  arises, 
every  attempt  to  disturb  this  status  quo  or  to  modify  it  without 
their  consent. 

ARTICLE  III. 

The  two  Courts  recognize  the  European  and  mutually  obliga- 
tory character  of  the  principle  of  the  closing  of  the  Straits  of  the 
Bosphorus  and  of  the  Dardanelles,  founded  on  international  law, 
confirmed  by  treaties,  and  summed  up  in  the  declaration  of  the 
second  Plenipotentiary  of  Russia  at  the  session  of  July  1 2  of  the 
Congress  of  Berlin  (Protocol  19). 

They  will  take  care  in  common  that  Turkey  shall  make  no 
exception  to  this  rule  in  favor  of  the  interests  of  any  Government 
whatsoever,  by  lending  to  warlike  operations  of  a  belligerent 
power  the  portion  of  its  Empire  constituted  by  the  Straits.  In 
case  of  infringement,  or  to  prevent  it  if  such  infringement  should 
be  in  prospect,  the  two  Courts  will  inform  Turkey  that  they 
would  regard  her,  in  that  event,  as  putting  herself  in  a  state  of 
war  towards  the  injured  Party,  and  as  depriving  herself  thence- 
forth of  the  benefits  of  the  security  assured  to  her  territorial 
status  quo  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  remain  in  force  for  the  space  of  three 
years,  dating  from  the  day  of  the  exchange  of  ratifications. 


278  THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY' 

ARTICLE  V. 

'Les  hautes  parties  contractantes  se  promettent  mutuellement 
'  le  secret  sur  le  contenu  et  sur  1'existence  du  present  traite  '  et  '  du 
'protocole  y  annexe. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Le  present  traite  sera  ratine  et  les  ratifications  en  seront 
echangees  a  Berlin  dans  1'espace  de  quinze  jours  ou  plus  tot  si  faire 
se  peut. 

En  foi  de  quoi,  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  ont  signe  le 
present  traite  et  y  ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  le  dix-huitieme  jour  du  mois  de  juin  mil  huit 
cent  quatre-vingt-sept. 

(L.  S.)  Comte  Bismarck. 

(L.  S.)  Comte  Paul  Schouvaloff. 


Additional  Protocol.    Berlin,  June  18,  i88j. 
PROTOCOLS  ADDITIONNEL  ET  TRES  SECRET. 

Afin  de  completer  les  stipulations  des  articles  II  et  III  du 
traite  secret  conclu  a  cette  meme  date,  les  deux  cours  sont  torn- 
bees  d  'accord  sur  les  points  suivants: 

i. 

L'Allemagne  pretera,  comme  par  le  passe,  son  concours  a  la 
Russie  afin  de  retablir  en  Bulgarie  un  gouvernement  regulier  et 
legal.  Elle  promet  de  ne  donner  en  aucun  cas  son  consentement 
a  la  restauration  du  prince  de  Battenberg. 

2. 

Dans  le  cas  ou  S.  M.  1'empereur  de  Russie  se  verrait  dans  la 
necessite  d'assumer  lui-meme  la  tache  de  defendre  1'entree  de  la 
mer  Noire  pour  sauvegarder  les  interets  de  la  Russie,  I'Alleniagne 
s'engage  a  accorder  sa  neutralite  bienveillante  et  son  appui  moral 


THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY'  279 

ARTCLE  V. 

The  High  Contracting  Parties  mutually  promise  secrecy  as  to 
the  contents  and  the  existence  of  the  present  Treaty  and  of  the 
Protocol  annexed  thereto. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

The  present  Treaty  shall  be  ratified  and  ratifications  shall  be 
exchanged  at  Berlin  within  a  period  of  a  fortnight,  or  sooner  if 
may  be. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  the  present  Treaty  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of 
their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  eighteenth  day  of  the  month  of  June, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-seven. 

(L.  S.)  Count  Bismarck. 

(L.  S.)  Count  Paul  Schouvaloff. 


Additional  Protocol.    Berlin,  June  18, 
ADDITIONAL  AND  VERY  SECRET  PROTOCOL. 

In  order  to  complete  the  stipulations  of  Articles  II  and  III  of 
the  secret  Treaty  concluded  on  this  same  date,  the  two  Courts 
have  come  to  an  agreement  upon  the  following  points  : 

i. 

Germany,  as  in  the  past,  will  lend  her  assistance  to  Russia  in 
order  to  reestablish  a  regular  and  legal  government  in  Bulgaria. 
She  promises  in  no  case  to  give  her  consent  to  the  restoration  of 
the  Prince  of  Battenberg. 

2. 

In  case  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Russia  should  find  himself 
under  the  necessity  of  assuming  the  task  of  defending  the  en- 
trance of  the  Black  Sea  in  order  to  safeguard  the  interests  of 
Russia,  Germany  engages  to  accord  her  benevolent  neutrality 
and  her  moral  and  diplomatic  support  to  the  measures  which 


280  THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY' 

et  diplomatique  aux  mesures  que  S.  M.  jugerait  necessaire  de 
prendre  pour  garder  la  clef  de  son  empire. 

3- 

Le  present  protocole  fait  partie  integrante  du  traite  secret 
signe  en  ce  jour  a  Berlin  et  aura  meme  force  et  valeur. 

En  foi  de  quoi,  les  plenipotentiaires  respectifs  1'ont  signe  et  y 
ont  appose  le  sceau  de  leurs  armes. 

Fait  a  Berlin,  le  dix-huitieme  jour  du  mois  de  juin  mil  huit 
cent  quatre-vingt-sept. 

Comte  Bismarck. 
Comte  Paul  Schouvaloff. 


THE  'REINSURANCE  TREATY'  28 1 

His  Majesty  may  deem  it  necessary  to  take  to  guard  the  key  of 
His  Empire. 

3- 

The  present  Protocol  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  secret 
Treaty  signed  on  this  day  at  Berlin,  and  shall  have  the  same  force 
and  validity. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have 
signed  it  and  have  affixed  thereto  the  seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  Berlin,  the  eighteenth  day  of  the  month  of  June,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  eighty-seven. 

Count  Bismarck. 
Count  Paul  Schouvaloff. 


282  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

28. 

NAVAL    AGREEMENT     BETWEEN    AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY,  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE, 
AND  ITALY. 

Naval  Agreement  prepared  between  the  Naval  Section  of  the  Austrian 
War  Ministry,  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the  German  Navy, 

and  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the  Italian  Navy. 

Prepared  in  draft,  June  23,  1913.    Revised,  August  2,  1913. 

Came  into  force,  November  i,  ipij.1 

Mit  allerhochster  Genehmigung  der  Souverane  des  Dreibundes 
wird  zwischen  dem  k.  u.  k.  osterreichisch-ungarischen  Kriegsmini- 
sterium,  Marinesektion,  dem  Admiralstabe  der  kaiserlich  deut- 
schen  Marine  und  dem  koniglich  italienischen  Marineministerium 
(Admiralstab)  das  nachstehende  Marineiibereinkommen  fur  den 
Fall  eines  gemeinsamen  Dreibundkrieges  geschlossen. 

Das  in  Berlin  am  5.  Dezember  1900  abgeschlossene  Uber- 
einkommen  tritt  hiemit  ausser  Kraft. 

i.  VERWENDUNG  DER  SEESTREITKRAFTE  DES  DREIBUNDES 
IM  KRTEGE. 

a)  Im  Mittelmeer. 

Die  im  Mittelmeer  befindlichen  Seestreitkrafte  des  Dreibundes 
vereinigen  sich  behufs  Erringung  der  Seeherrschaft  im  Mittel- 
meer durch  Niederkampfung  der  feindlichen  Flotten. 

Der  Operationsplan  fiir  das  Zusammenwirken  im  Mittelmeer 
wird  in  seinen  Grundlinien  von  den  Admiralstaben,  beziehungs- 
weise  dem  k.  u.  k.  Kriegsministerium,  Marinesektion,  der  Drei- 
bundmachte  bereits  im  Frieden  in  Form  eines  Zusatziiberein- 

1  Certified  copy:   St.  A.,  Geheimakten,  XLIIIa. 

In  a  "Supplement  of  August  2,  1913,  to  the  Naval  Agreement  and  Additional 
Agreement,  prepared  in  first  draft  on  June  23,  1913,  at  Vienna,"  certain  changes 
were  made  in  the  text  of  the  first  draft.  As  the  wording  of  the  Agreement  of 
August  2,  1913,  is  the  definitive  one,  it  is  reproduced  here  in  the  text,  and  the  pro- 
visions of  the  first  draft  of  June  23  which  were  reversed  are  put  in  the  notes.  The 
remarks  which  appear  as  footnotes  in  the  first  draft  and  in  the  text  of  August  are 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  283 

28. 

NAVAL  AGREEMENT  BETWEEN  AUSTRIA- 
HUNGARY,  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE, 
AND  ITALY. 

Naval  Agreement  prepared  between  the  Naval  Section  of  the  Austrian 
War  Ministry,  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the  German  Navy, 

and  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the  Italian  Navy. 
Prepared  in  draft,  June  23,  1913.    Revised,  August  2,  1913. 
Came  into  force,  November  i,  1913. 

With  the  Most  Exalted  approbation  of  the  Sovereigns  of  the 
Triple  Alliance,  the  following  Naval  Agreement  has  been  con- 
cluded between  the  Naval  Section  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Austro-Hungarian  Ministry  of  War,  the  Admiralty  Staff  of  the 
Imperial  German  Navy,  and  the  Royal  Italian  Ministry  of 
Marine  (Admiralty  Staff),  in  the  contingency  of  a  war  involving 
the  members  of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  common. 

The  Agreement  concluded  in  Berlin  on  December  5,  1900, 
hereby  ceases  to  be  in  force. 

i.  EMPLOYMENT  OF  THE  NAVAL  FORCES  OF  THE  TRIPLE 
ALLIANCE  IN  WAR. 

(a)  In  the  Mediterranean. 

The  Naval  forces  of  the  Triple  Alliance  which  may  be  in  the 
Mediterranean  shall  unite  for  the  purpose  of  gaining  naval  con- 
trol of  the  Mediterranean  by  defeating  the  enemy  fleets. 

The  basic  outlines  of  the  plan  of  operations  for  joint  action  in 
the  Mediterranean  shall  be  prepared  in  time  of  peace  by  the 
Admiralty  Staffs,  and  correspondingly  by  the  Naval  Section  of 
the  Imperial  and  Royal  Ministry  of  War,  of  the  Triple  Alliance 

given  as  such  in  this  copy.  According  to  a  communication  from  the  Imperial  and 
Royal  Marine  Section  to  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Count  Berchtold,  on 
October  14,  1913,  this  Agreement  came  into  force,  "da  die  allerhochste  Genehmi- 
gung  und  die  der  Souverane  Deutschlands  und  Italiens  erfolgt  sei,"  on  November  i, 


284  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

kommens  aufgestellt  und  bedarf  der  grundsatzlichen  Genehmi- 
gung  der  drei  Souverane.  Einzelheiten  konnen  fallweise  von  den 
Admiralstaben,  beziehungsweise  dem  k.  u.  k.  Kriegsministerium, 
Marinesektion,  im  gegenseitigen  Einvernehmen  geandert  werden. 

b)  Ausserhalb  des  Mittelmeeres? 

Schiffsdivisionen,  die  sich  auf  derselben  Auslandstation  oder 
in  erreichbarer  Nahe  von  einander  befinden,  suchen,  soweit  sie 
nicht  andere  Befehle  haben,  Anschluss  an  einander,  um  gemein- 
sam  im  Interesse  des  Dreibundes  zu  handeln. 

Kommandanten  einzelner  Schiffe  der  Dreibundstaaten,  welche 
sich  im  Auslande  im  gleichen  Gebiete  aufhalten,  werden,  falls  die 
allgemeine  politische  Lage  die  Moglichkeit  eines  Krieges  zwischen 
dem  Dreibunde  und  der  Tripleentente  annehmen  lasst,  von  ihrer 
vorgesetzten  Behorde  auf  Grund  gegenseitigen  Einvernehmens 
zwischen  den  Admiralstaben  und  dem  k.  u.  k.  Kriegsministerium, 
Marinesektion,  von  dem  Bestehen  eines  Marineiibereinkommens 
in  Kenntnis  gesetzt  werden  konnen.  In  diesem  Falle  haben  die 
betreffenden  Schiffskommandanten  die  Pflicht,  sich  tiber  die  bei 
Ausbruch  der  Feindseligkeiten  zu  ergreifenden  Massnahmen 
gegenseitig  zu  verstandigen,  wobei  sie  die  besonderen  Instruk- 
tionen,  die  sie  etwa  von  ihrer  vorgesetzten  Behorde  erhalten 
haben,  beriicksichtigen  werden. 

2.  OBERBEFEHL. 

a)  Der  Oberbefehl  iiber  die  Seestreitkrafte  des  Dreibundes  im 
Mittelmeer  kann  einem  b'sterreichisch-ungarischen  oder  italieni- 
schen  Flaggenofnzier  iibertragen  werden,  dessen  Ernennung  im 
gegenseitigen  Einvernehmen  der  Dreibundstaaten  schon  im 
Frieden  erfolgt. 

Sollte  wahrend  der  gemeinsamen  Operationen  der  Ober- 
befehlshaber  dienstunfahig  werden  oder  sonst  zeitweilig  ersetzt 

2  In  the  draft  of  June  23,  it  ran: 

"  b)  ausserhalb  des  Mittelmeeres. 

"Schiffe,  die  sich  auf  derselben  Auslandstation  oder  in  erreichbarer  Nahe  von 
einander  befinden,  suchen,  soweit  sie  nicht  andere  Befehle  haben,  Anschluss  an 
einander,  um  gemeinsam  im  Interesse  des  Dreibundes  zu  handeln. 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  285 

Powers,  in  the  form  of  a  Supplementary  Agreement,  and  must 
receive  in  principle  the  approbation  of  the  three  Sovereigns.  Ac- 
cording to  the  circumstances,  details  may  be  changed  by  the 
Admiralty  Staffs  and  the  Naval  Section  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Ministry  of  War,  acting  in  mutual  understanding. 

(ft)  Outside  the  Mediterranean. 

Naval  units  which  may  be  lying  in  the  same  foreign  port  or 
within  reach  of  one  another  shall  attempt  to  join  forces,  provided 
they  have  not  received  other  orders,  with  a  view  to  cooperating 
in  the  interests  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 

In  case  it  may  be  assumed  from  the  general  political  situation 
that  war  will  probably  break  out  between  the  Triple  Alliance 
and  the  Triple  Entente,  the  commanders  of  such  vessels  of  the 
Triple  Alliance  Powers  as  may  find  themselves  in  foreign  waters 
in  the  same  region  shall  be  informed  by  their  superior  authorities, 
acting  in  accordance  with  a  mutual  understanding  between  the 
Admiralty  Staffs  and  the  Naval  Section  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal 
Ministry  of  War,  of  the  existence  of  a  Naval  Agreement.  In  this 
case  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  respective  commanders  of  vessels 
to  come  to  a  reciprocal  understanding  regarding  the  measures  to 
be  taken  on  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  keeping  before  them  the 
special  instructions  which  they  shall  have  received  from  their 
superior  authorities. 

2.  THE  SUPREME  COMMAND. 

(a)  The  Supreme  Command  of  the  Naval  Forces  of  the  Triple 
Alliance  in  the  Mediterranean  may  be  intrusted  to  an  Austro- 
Hungarian  or  to  an  Italian  Flag-Officer,  whose  nomination  shall 
have  been  decided  on  in  time  of  peace  by  reciprocal  agreement  of 
the  States  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 

If,  during  the  course  of  the  joint  operations,  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  shall  become  incapacitated  for  service  or  for  other  reasons 

"  Befehlshaber  von  Schiffen  des  Dreibundes,  welche  auf  einer  Auslandstation 
zusammentreffen  und  im  Kriege  gemeinsam  operieren  konnten,  werden  sich  iiber 
die  im  Kriegsfalle  zu  ergreifenden  Massnahmen  schon  im  Frieden  verstandigen." 


286  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

werden  miissen,  so  hat  der  ihm  im  Range  Zunachststehende,  be- 
ziehungsweise  im  Falle  gleicher  Charge  der  Befehlshaber  der 
grosseren  Streitmacht,  solange  den  Oberbefehl  zu  fiihren,  bis  der 
Oberbefehlshaber  seinen  Dienst  wieder  iibernimmt,  oder  bis  die 
Ernennung  eines  neuen  gemeinsamen  Oberbefehlshabers  in  Sinne 
des  vorhergehenden  Absatzes  erfolgt. 

b)  Fiir  die  im  Punkte  i  b  genannten  Schiffe  und  Befehls- 
haber ist  hinsichtlich  des  Oberbefehles  iiber  die  gemeinsamen 
Operationen  das  Rangverhaltnis  massgebend.  Bei  gleicher 
Charge  fallt  der  Oberbefehl  dem  Befehlshaber  der  grosseren 
Streitmacht3  zu. 

3.  VERKEHR  ZWISCHEN  DEN  VERBUNDETEN. 

a)  Vorbereitung  von  Operationen  und  Nachrichtenaustausch. 

So  oft  es  zur  Vorbereitung  der  Operationen  der  verbundeten 
Flotten  zweckmassig  erscheint,  treten  die  eingangs  genannten  Be- 
horden  entweder  unmittelbar  oder  durch  entsandte  Offiziere  mit 
einander  in  Verkehr. 

Desgleichen  findet  unter  ihnen  ein  fallweiser  Austausch  der 
iiber  die  Seestreitkrafte  der  voraussichtlichen  Gegner  erlangten 
Nachrichten  und  der  auf  die  Entwicklung  der  eigenen  Flotten 
beziiglichen  Angaben  statt. 

b)  Gegenseitige  Kommandierung  von  Seeqffizieren  in  die 
allerhochsten  Hauptquartiere. 

Die  schnelle  und  sichere  Verstandigung  und  Nachrichten- 
iibermittlung  von  Hauptquartier  zu  Hauptquartier  liegt  in  mari- 
timen  Angelegenheiten  den  von  jeder  verbundeten  Macht  in  die 
beiden  anderen  allerhochsten  Hauptquartiere  entsandten  Seeoffi- 
zieren  ob.4  Soweit  angangig,  wird  ihnen  der  Geheimverkehr  mit 
dem  eigenen  allerhochsten  Hauptquartier  gestattet  und  erleich- 
tert  werden. 

Fiir  diesen  Dienst  sind  die  Marineattaches  in  Aussicht  genom- 

3  "In  zweifelhaften  Fallen  ist  der  Gesamttonnengehalt  der  Streitmacht  bestim- 
mend."  Footnote  in  the  first  draft  of  June  23  and  in  the  corrected  form  of  August 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  287 

shall  have  to  be  temporarily  replaced,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
officer  next  to  him  in  rank,  or,  in  the  case  of  two  officers  of  equal 
dignity,  of  the  commander  of  the  larger  force,  to  assume  the 
Supreme  Command  until  the  Commander-in-Chief  resumes  his 
duties,  or  until  the  appointment  of  a  new  joint  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  accordance  with  the  preceding  paragraph. 

(6)  As  regards  the  ships  and  commanders  indicated  under  Sec- 
tion i  (6),  the  Supreme  Command  of  joint  operations  shall  be 
determined  by  rank.  In  the  case  of  two  officers  of  equal  dignity, 
the  Supreme  Command  shall  fall  to  the  commander  of  the  larger 
force. 

3.  COMMUNICATION  BETWEEN  THE  ALLIES. 
(a)  Preparation  of  Operations  and  Exchange  of  Intelligence. 

As  often  as  it  shall  seem  advantageous  for  the  preparation  of 
the  operations  of  the  United  Fleet,  the  abovementioned  authori- 
ties shall  get  in  touch  with  one  another,  either  directly  or  through 
specially  assigned  officers. 

In  the  same  way,  when  the  occasion  arises,  there  shall  be  an 
exchange  of  such  news  as  has  been  obtained  concerning  the  naval 
forces  of  the  probable  enemy,  as  well  as  information  bearing  on 
the  development  of  their  own  fleets. 

(b)   Reciprocal  Assignment  of  Naval  Officers  to  Supreme 
Headquarters. 

The  swift  and  trustworthy  collection  of  intelligence  and  trans- 
mission of  information  from  Headquarters  to  Headquarters  in 
matters  concerning  the  Navy  shall  devolve  upon  the  Naval 
Officers  assigned  by  each  Allied  Power  to  the  Supreme  Head- 
quarters of  the  other  two  Powers.  As  far  as  possible,  secret  com- 
munication with  their  own  Supreme  Headquarters  shall  be  per- 
mitted and  facilitated. 

For  this  service  the  Naval  Attaches  are  indicated,  as  they  ap- 

4  In  the  draft  of  June  23,  1913,  there  came  after  this:  "Dieselben  miissen  von 
den  getroffenen  Vereinbarungen  Kenntnis  haben."  Then  follows:  "Soweit,"  etc., 
as  in  the  text. 


288  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

men,  da  sie  durch  ihre  personlichen  Beziehungen  zu  den  ver- 
biindeten  Marinen  hiezu  besonders  befahigt  erscheinen. 

Die  Marineattaches  werden  von  dem  Bestehen  eines  geheimen 
Marineiibereinkommens  in  Kenntnis  gesetzt  und  konnen  f  allweise, 
wenn  sich  die  Notwendigkeit  ergibt,  auch  mit  jenen  Stellen  des 
Ubereinkommens  bekannt  gemacht  werden,  welche  auf  Grand 
neuer  Verhaltnisse  einer  Anderung  durch  gegenseitiges  Einver- 
nehmen  zwischen  den  Admiralstaben  und  dem  k.  u.  k.  Kriegs- 
ministerium,  Marinesektion,  zu  unterziehen  waren.5 

c)  Kommandierung  von  Seeojfizieren  zum  Stabe  des 

Oberbefehlshabers  im  Mittelmeer. 

Fur  den  Stab  des  Oberbefehlshabers  im  Mittelmeer  werden 
bereits  im  Frieden  ernannt:  Je  ein  Chef  des  Stabes  in  der  Charge 
eines  Linienschiffskapitans  von  Osterreich-Ungarn  und  Italien; 
je  ein  Admiralstabsoffizier  mit  dem  notigen  Hilfspersonal  von 
Osterreich-Ungarn,  Deutschland  und  Italien. 

4.  VERSTANDIGUNGSMITTEL. 

Fiir  die  Ubermittlung  von  Befehlen  und  den  Nachrichten- 
austausch  zwischen  den  Schiffen  (Signalstationen)  der  verbiinde- 
ten  Marinen  dient  das  gemeinsame  Signalbuch  (Triplecodex) ,  das 
auch  Bestimmungen  iiber  geheime  Erkennungssignale  und  den 
Chiffrierverkehr  enthalt. 

Das  gemeinsame  Signalbuch  ist  als  streng  geheim  zu  behandeln. 

5.   GEGENSEITIGE  UBERLASSUNG  VON  HANDELSFAHRZEUGEN 
FUR  KRIEGSZWECKE. 

a)  Handelsfahrzeuge  konnen  im  Kriegsfalle  einer  verbiindeten 
Macht  zur  Verfiigung  gestellt  werden.    Tiber  die  Regeln  fur  die 
Requisition  von  Handelsschiffen  der  verbiindeten  Staaten  werden 
sich  die  eingangs  genannten  Behorden  schon  im  Frieden  verstan- 
digen.    Sie  werden  auch  bestrebt  sein,  die  Verwendbarkeit  der 
Schiffe  fur  besondere  Zwecke  nach  Moglichkeit  zu  erleichtern. 

b)  Will  eine  Marine  fiir   bestimmte   Handelsfahrzeuge  der 
verbiindeten  Staaten  schon  im  Frieden   Kriegsvorbereitungen 

6  This  whole  paragraph  is  lacking  in  the  draft  of  June  23,  1913. 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  289 

pear  to  be  specially  suited  thereto  through  their  personal  relations 
with  the  Navies  of  their  Allies. 

The  Naval  Attaches  shall  be  informed  of  the  existence  of  a 
secret  Naval  Agreement,  and,  should  the  occasion  arise,  they 
may  be  acquainted  with  those  provisions  of  the  Agreement 
which,  by  reason  of  new  circumstances,  may  undergo  an  altera- 
tion by  reciprocal  agreement  between  the  Admiralty  Staffs  and 
the  Naval  Section  of  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Ministry  of  War.6 

(c)  Assignment  of  Naval  Officers  to  the  Staff  of  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  the  Mediterranean. 

In  time  of  peace  there  shall  be  assigned  to  the  Staff  of  the 
Commander-in-Chief  in  the  Mediterranean:  a  Chief  of  Staff 
with  the  rank  of  Captain  of  a  Ship  of  the  Line  by  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Italy  respectively,  and  an  officer  of  the  Admiralty 
Staff  with  the  necessary  staff  by  Austria-Hungary,  Germany, 
and  Italy  respectively. 

4.   MEANS  OF  COMMUNICATION. 

For  the  transmission  of  orders  and  the  exchange  of  intelli- 
gence between  the  vessels  (signal  stations)  of  the  Allied  Navies, 
the  joint  Signal  Book  (Triple  Code)  shall  be  employed.  This 
also  contains  provisions  concerning  secret  signals  of  recognition 
and  communication  by  cipher. 

The  joint  Signal  Book  is  to  be  regarded  as  highly  confidential 

5.    RECIPROCAL  CONTRIBUTION  OF  MERCHANT  VESSELS  FOR 
PURPOSES  OF  WAR. 

(a)  Merchant  vessels  may,  in  case  of  war,  be  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  an  Allied  Power.     The  abovementioned  authorities 
shall  reach  an  agreement  in  time  of  peace  concerning  the  rules  for 
requisitioning  merchant  vessels  of  the  Allied  States.    They  shall 
also  endeavor  to  facilitate  as  far  as  possible  the  availability  of 
the  vessels  for  special  purposes. 

(b)  If  in  time  of  peace  a  Navy  shall  make  preparations  for  war 
involving  the  use  of  particular  merchant  vessels  of  the  Allied 


290  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

treffen,  so  warden  ihr  die  Plane  und  Beschreibungen  dieser  Fahr- 
zeuge  durch  Vermittlung  der  eingangs  genannten  Behorden  zum 
voriibergehenden  Gebrauch  zur  Verfiigung  gestellt  werden. 

6.   GEGENSEITIGE  BENUTZUNG  VON  HAFEN. 
Im  eingangs  genannten  Kriegsfalle  konnen  die  Hafen  einer 
der  verbiindeten  Machte  auch  6  von  den  Seestreitkraften  und 
Handelsfahrzeugen  der  anderen  verbundeten  Machte  in  gleicher 
Weise  wie  von  den  eigenen  Schiffen  beniitzt  werden. 
Wien,  am  23.  Juni  1913. 

Im  Entwurf e  gezeichnet : 

Kohler  m.  p.  Cicoli  m.  p.  Conz  m.  p. 

Fur  die  richtige  Abschrift: 
A.  Suchomel. 

ZUSATZUBEREINKOMMEN   FUR  DAS   MlTTELMEER. 

(Punkt  ia,  Absatz  2,  des  Marineubereinkommens.} 

1.  Oberbefehl.    Im  Sinne  des  Punktes  2  a  des  Marineuberein- 
kommens  wird   der   Oberbefehl   iiber   die    Seestreitkrafte   des 
Dreibundes  im  Mittelmeer  dem  k.  u.  k.  osterreichisch-ungarischen 
Admiral  Anton  Haus  iibertragen. 

2.  Zusammensetzung   des  S tabes  des  Oberbefehlshabers.     Der 
Stab  des  Oberbefehlshabers  setzt  sich  nach  Punkt  30  des  Marine- 
ubereinkommens wie  folgt  zusammen: 

i  osterreichisch-ungarischer  Chef  des  Stabes  im  Range  eines 
Linienschiffskapitans,  i  italienischer  Chef  des  Stabes  im  Range 
eines  Linienschiffskapitans,  je  i  Admiralstabsomzier  der  oster- 
reichisch-ungarischen, deutschen  und  italienischen  Marine. 

Die  beiden  Chefs  des  Stabes  und  der  deutsche  Admiralstabs- 
offizier  sind  dem  Oberbefehlshaber  direkt  unterstellt. 

Als  Hilfskrafte  sind  nach  Bedarf  noch  zuzuteilen:  Signal-, 
Funkentelegraphen-  und  Bureaupersonal. 

Es  ist  wiinschenswert,  dass  der  Oberbefehlshaber  schon  im 
Frieden  mit  den  Ofnzieren  seines  Stabes  in  personliche  Fuhlung 
tritt. 

6  In  the  draft  of  June  23,  1913,  it  ran:  "Die  Hafen  einer  der  verbundeten 
Machte  konnen  auch.  .  .  ." 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  291 

States,  plans  and  descriptions  of  these  vessels  shall  be  placed  at 
its  disposal  for  temporary  use  through  the  agency  of  the  above- 
mentioned  authorities. 

6.   RECIPROCAL  USE  OF  HARBORS. 

In  the  abovementioned  event  of  war,  the  harbors  of  one  of  the 
Allied  Powers  may  also  be  used  by  the  naval  forces  and  merchant 
vessels  of  the  other  Allied  Powers  in  the  same  manner  as  by  its 
own  vessels. 
Vienna,  June  23,  1913. 

Signed  in  draft: 

Kohler  m.  p.  Cicoli  m.  p.  Conz  m.  p. 

For  the  true  copy: 

A.  Suchomel. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  AGREEMENT  FOR  THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 
(Section  i  (a),  Paragraph  2  of  the  Naval  Agreement!) 

1.  Supreme  Command.     In  accordance  with  Section   2  (a)  of 
the  Naval  Agreement,  the  Supreme  Command  of  the  Naval  forces 
of  the  Triple  Alliance  in  the  Mediterranean  shall  be  conferred  on 
the  Imperial  and  Royal  Austro-Hungarian  Admiral  Anton  Haus. 

2.  Composition  of  the  Staff  of  the  Commander-in-Chief.    The 
Staff  of  the  Commander-in-Chief  shall  be  composed,  in  accord- 
ance with  Section  3  (c)  of  the  Naval  Agreement,  as  follows: 

i  Austro-Hungarian  Chief  of  Staff  with  rank  of  Captain  of 
a  Ship  of  the  Line,  i  Italian  Chief  of  Staff  with  rank  of  Captain 
of  a  Ship  of  the  Line,  and  i  Officer  each  of  the  Admiralty  Staffs 
of  the  Austro-Hungarian,  the  German,  and  the  Italian  Navies. 

The  two  Chiefs  of  Staff  and  the  German  Officer  of  the  Ad- 
miralty Staff  are  directly  subordinate  to  the  Commander-in- 
Chief. 

Signal,  wireless,  and  office  personnel  shall  be  assigned  as  as- 
sistants when  requisite. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  Commander-in-Chief  establish  personal 
relations  with  the  officers  of  his  Staff  in  time  of  peace. 


292  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

3.  Kriegseinteilung  der  verbundeten  Streitkrafte.     Als  Grund- 
satze  fiir  die  Kriegseinteilung  haben  zu  gelten: 

a)  Die  einzelnen  Unterverbande  sollen  aus  Schiffen  derselben 
Nationalitat  zusammengesetzt  sein. 

b)  Ein  Geschwader  soil  moglichst  aus  nicht  mehr  als  acht 
Kampfschiffen  bestehen. 

Die  Kriegseinteilung  ist  dem  Zusatziibereinkommen  als  An- 
lage  I  beigefiigt  und  wird  der  Oberbefehlshaber  fiir  deren  standige 
Kurrenthaltung  Sorge  tragen. 

4.  Vereinigung  der  verbundeten  Streitkrafte.    Die  osterreichisch- 
ungarische  und  die  italienische  Flotte  vereinigen  sich  sobald  als 
moglich  im  Raume  um  Messina  und  erganzen  ihre  Vorrate.    Die 
italienische  Flotte  wird  hiezu  die  Ankerplatze  zwischen  Milazzo 
und  Messina,  die  osterreichisch-ungarische  den  Hafen  von  Au- 
gusta aufsuchen.    Italien  wird  eventuell  die  Division  fur  beson- 
dere  Zwecke  im  Norden  des  tyrrhenischen  Meeres  zuriickbehalten 
und  einen  Teil  seiner  in  der  Anlage  I  unter  A  angefiihrten  Tor- 
pedoflottillen  und  Minenleger  nach  Cagliari  und  Trapani  diri- 
gieren,  woriiber  es  den  Oberbefehlshaber  rechtzeitig  unterrichten 
wird. 

Die  deutschen  Schiffe  werden  anstreben,  sich  in  Gaeta  (bei 
ungiinstigen  Seeverhaltnissen  bei  Neapel)  zu  vereinigen,  um  dort 
ihre  Vorrate  zu  erganzen.  Sollten  besondere  Verhaltnisse  das  Er- 
reichen  von  Gaeta  (Neapel)  nicht  mehr  zulassen,  so  vereinigen 
sich  auch  die  deutschen  Seestreitkrafte  mit  dem  Oberbefehlshaber 
im  Raume  um  Messina. 

Bei  der  ersten  Vereinigung  der  Flotten  haben  alle  Schiffe  und 
Torpedoboote  die  im  Triplecodex  gegebenen  Bestimmungen  iiber 
geheime  Erkennungssignale  besonders  sorgfaltig  zu  beobachten. 

Alleinfahrende  Torpedoboote  und  Torpedobootsverbande  mils- 
sen  des  Nachts  grundsatzlich  jede  Annaherung  an  Schiffe  und 
Ankerplatze  der  verbundeten  Flotten  vermeiden,  da  jedes  nicht 
mit  vollster  Sicherheit  als  Freund  erkannte  Torpedoboot  unter 
Feuer  genommen  wird. 

5.  Operations  plan.    Als  Hauptziel  hat  fiir  den  Oberbefehlsha- 
ber die  Erringung  der  Seeherrschaft  im  Mittelmeer  durch  ra- 
scheste  Niederkampfung  der  feindlichen  Flotten  zu  gelten. 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  293 

3.  War -Time  Distribution  of  the  Allied  Forces.    The  following 
shall  be  accepted  as  the  principles  for  distribution  in  time  of  war: 

(a)  The  various  subordinate  units  shall  be  constituted  from 
ships  of  the  same  nationality. 

(b)  A  squadron  shall,  so  far  as  possible,  contain  not  more  than 
eight  battleships. 

The  war-time  distribution  is  appended  to  the  Supplementary 
Agreement  as  Annex  I.  The  Commander-in-Chief  shall  be  re- 
sponsible for  keeping  it  constantly  up  to  date. 

4.  Union  of  the  Allied  Naval  Forces.    The  Austro-Hungarian 
and  the  Italian  fleets  shall  assemble  as  soon  as  possible  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Messina  and  complete  their  supplies.     The 
Italian  fleet  shall  then  proceed  to  its  anchoring  place  between 
Milazzo  and  Messina,  the  Austro-Hungarian  fleet  to  the  harbor 
of  Augusta.    If  need  be,  Italy  shall  retain  a  division  for  special 
duty  in  the  north  of  the  Tyrrhenian  Sea  and  despatch  a  part  of 
her  torpedo  flotillas  mentioned  in  Annex  I,  heading  A,  together 
with  mine  layers,  to  Cagliari  and  Trapani.    The  Commander-in- 
Chief  shall  be  notified  of  this  in  due  season. 

The  German  vessels  shall  endeavor  to  unite  at  Gaeta  (or  in  the 
event  of  unfavorable  conditions  at  sea,  at  Naples)  in  order  to 
complete  their  supplies.  Should  special  circumstances  render  it 
impossible  to  reach  Gaeta  (Naples),  the  German  naval  forces 
also  shall  join  the  Commander-in-Chief  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Messina. 

On  the  occasion  of  their  first  meeting  all  ships  and  torpedo 
boats  must  with  particular  care  observe  the  provisions  laid  down 
in  the  Triple  Code  for  secret  signals  of  recognition. 

Torpedo  boats  proceeding  alone  and  groups  of  torpedo  boats 
must  as  a  fundamental  principle  avoid  approaching  vessels  and 
anchoring  places  of  the  Allied  Fleets  after  nightfall,  as  every 
torpedo  boat  not  recognized  with  complete  certainty  as  friendly 
will  be  fired  upon. 

5.  Scheme  of  Operations.     The  chief  objective  of  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief shall  be  the  securing  of  naval  control  in  the  Medi- 
terranean through  the  swiftest  possible  defeat  of  the  enemy 
fleets. 


294  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

Sollte  ein  Teil  der  franzosischen  Flotte  in  Bizerta  stehen,  so 
wird  der  Oberbefehlshaber  trachten,  die  getrennten  Teile  dieser 
Flotte  einzeln  zu  schlagen.  Fiir  ein  Festhalten  feindlicher  Flot- 
tenteile  in  Bizerta  kommen  Minen-  und  Torpedobootsunterneh- 
mungen  von  Trapani  und  Cagliari,  fiir  Unternehmungen  gegen 
die  etwa  von  Toulon  aus  ostlich  vorgehende  franzosische  Flotte 
die  leichten  Streitkrafte  der  lokalen  Kustenverteidigung  von  der 
westlichen  ligurischen  Kiiste  aus  7  in  Betracht. 

Die  Hauptaktion  ist  so  rasch  durchzufiihren,  dass  die  Ent- 
scheidung  noch  vor  einem  Eingreifen  russischer  Streitkrafte  des 
Schwarzen  Meeres  erfolgt. 

Es  bleibt  dem  Oberbefehlshaber  iiberlassen,  neben  der  Haupt- 
operation  gegen  die  feindliche  Flotte  gleichzeitig  Teilaktionen 
gegen  etwaige  franzosische  Truppentransporte  aus  Nordafrika 
oder  gegen  feindliche  Kiistenteile  anzuordnen. 

6.  Versorgung  der  Flatten  und  Stutzpunkte.  Italien  macht  sich 
erbotig,  fur  die  in  diesem  Punkte  genannten  Stutzpunkte  die  hier 
angegebenen  Vorbereitungen  auf  eigene  Rechnung  schon  im 
Frieden  zu  treffen.  Die  von  den  osterreichisch-ungarischen  und 
deutschen  Schiffen  iibernommenen  Ausriistungsmengen  werden 
der  koniglich  italienischen  Marine  zu  vergiiten  sein. 

a)  Stutzpunkte  bei  der  Vereinigung.  Mit  Bezug  auf  Punkt  4 
des  Zusatziibereinkommens  werden  als  Stutzpunkte  bei  der 
Vereinigung  vorbereitet: 

a)  Hafen  Augusta  fiir  die  osterreichisch-ungarischen, 

/3)  Gaeta  (Neapel)  fiir  die  deutschen  und 

7)  Messina  fiir  die  italienischen  Seestreitkrafte. 

Die  in  Augusta  und  Gaeta  (Neapel)  zu  lagernden  Ausriistungs- 
mengen sind  unter  Beriicksichtigung  der  notigen  Reserve  derart 
bemessen,  dass  die  Schiffe  bei  der  ersten  Vereinigung  ihre  Vorrate 
auf  den  vollen  Bestand  auffiillen  konnen. 

Nach  dieser  Ausriistungserganzung,  beziehungsweise  dem 
endgiiltigen  Auslaufen  der  osterreichisch-ungarischen  Seestreit- 
krafte von  Augusta,  werden  samtliche  Vorrate  in  dem  dortigen 
Hafen  entfernt  oder  vernichtet,  um  sie  einer  Wegnahme  durch 
den  Feind  zu  entziehen. 

7  In  the  draft  of  June  23,  1913,  it  ran:  "von  Vado  aus." 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  295 

Should  a  portion  of  the  French  fleet  lie  at  Bizerta,  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  shall  attempt  to  deal  separately  with  the  scat- 
tered portions  of  this  fleet.  For  the  purpose  of  holding  the  por- 
tion of  the  enemy  fleet  at  Bizerta,  operations  with  mine  layers 
and  torpedo  boats  from  Trapani  and  Cagliari  are  hi  contempla- 
tion ;  for  action  against  a  French  fleet  possibly  proceeding  east- 
ward from  Toulon,  the  light  units  of  the  local  coast  defence  of  the 
Western  Ligurian  coast  are  in  contemplation. 

The  main  action  is  to  be  carried  out  so  swiftly  that  the  decision 
shall  be  reached  before  the  Russian  forces  in  the  Black  Sea  can 
interfere. 

It  shall  remain  with  the  Commander-in-Chief  to  decide 
whether,  in  addition  to  the  main  operations  against  the  enemy 
fleets,  simultaneous  secondary  actions  shall  be  directed  against 
possible  French  troop  transports  from  North  Africa  or  against 
sections  of  the  enemy  coasts. 

6.  Provisioning  of  the  Fleet  and  Bases.  Italy  makes  herself 
responsible  for  the  preparations  in  tune  of  peace  specified  here- 
with for  the  bases  enumerated  in  this  section,  at  her  own  expense. 
The  Royal  Italian  Navy  shall  receive  compensation  for  the  sup- 
plies appropriated  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  German  vessels. 

(a)  Bases  for  Assembling.  With  reference  to  Section  4  of  the 
Supplementary  Agreement,  the  following  places  shall  be  pre- 
pared as  bases  for  assembling: 

(a)  The  harbor  of  Augusta  for  the  Austro-Hungarian, 
03)  Gaeta  (Naples)  for  the  German,  and 
(7)  Messina  for  the  Italian  Naval  forces. 

The  stocks  of  supplies  to  be  accumulated  at  Augusta  and  Gaeta 
(Naples)  shall,  while  providing  for  a  necessary  reserve,  be  ap- 
portioned in  such  a  manner  that  the  vessels  on  the  occasion  of 
their  first  meeting  may  be  certain  of  completing  their  stores. 

After  this  last  fitting  out  and  after  the  final  departure  of  the 
Austro-Hungarian  Naval  forces  from  Augusta,  all  stores  remain- 
ing in  the  harbor  there  shall  be  removed  or  destroyed,  in  order  to 
forestall  any  capture  by  the  enemy. 


296  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

Sollte  die  Ausriistung  der  deutschen  Schiffe  in  Gaeta  (Neapel) 
nicht  mehr  moglich  sein,  so  warden  sie  ihre  Ausriistung  in  Mes- 
sina erganzen. 

b)  Stiltzpunkte  bei  den  wdteren  Operationen.  Mit  Bezug  auf 
Punkt  5  des  Zusatziibereinkommens  werden  als  Hauptstiitz- 
punkte  bei  den  weiteren  Operationen  in  Aussicht  genommen  und 
vorbereitet: 

a)  Maddalena  fiir  die  osterreichisch-ungarischen  und  deut- 
schen, 

/3)  Spezia  fiir  die  italienischen  Seestreitkrafte, 

7)  Trapani,  Cagliari  und  die  westliche  ligurische  Kiiste  8  fiir 
leichtere  Verbande. 

Maddalena  wird  mit  Lebensmitteln  fiir  die  osterreichisch- 
ungarische  Flotte  fiir  einen  Monat  versorgt;  ein  entsprechender 
Ausriistungsbedarf  an  Heiz-  und  Maschinenbetriebsmaterial  ist 
dort  standig  vorhanden. 

Anlage  II 9  enthalt  die  Zusammenstellung  des  gesamten  im 
Sinne  des  Punktes  6  erforderlichen  Ausriistungsbedarf es. 

7.  Verteidigung  der  Adria.    Zur  Verteidigung  der  Adria  dienen 
die  hiefiir  in  der  Anlage  I  unter  B  des  Zusatziibereinkommens 
angegebenen   Seestreitkrafte,    sowie   die   normal   vorgesehenen 
Streitkrafte  fiir  die  lokale  Verteidigung  der  Kiisten. 

Die  in  der  Anlage  I  unter  B  genannten  Streitkrafte  versam- 
meln  sich  sobald  als  moglich,  und  zwar: 

Die  osterreichisch-ungarischen  und  deutschen  im  Gofl  von 
Cattaro, 

die  italienischen  in  Brindisi. 

Die  Operationen  in  der  Adria  werden  vom  rangaltesten  Be- 
fehlshaber  der  verbiindeten  Seestreitkrafte  10  nach  Angaben  des 
Oberbefehlshabers  durchgefiihrt,  welch  letzterem  es  auch  iiber- 
lassen  bleibt,  je  nach  der  Kriegslage  Verstarkungen  oder  Ab- 
detachierungen  der  dortigen  Seestreitkrafte  anzuordnen. 

8.  Angriffe  auf  franzosische  Truppenlransporte  aus  Nordafrika. 
Da  die  ersten  franzosischen  Truppentransporte  aus  Nordafrika 
nach  dem  Norden  aus  den  Haupteinschiffungszentren  Bona- 

8  In  the  draft  of  June  23,  1913,  it  ran:  "und  Vado." 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  297 

Should  the  fitting  out  of  the  German  vessels  at  Gaeta  (Naples) 
be  no  longer  possible,  they  shall  complete  their  fitting  out  at 
Messina. 

(b)  Bases  far  Further  Operations.  With  reference  to  Section  5 
of  the  Supplementary  Agreement,  the  following  places  shall  be 
selected  and  prepared  as  the  main  bases  for  further  operations : 

(a)  Maddalena  for  the  Austro-Hungarian  and  German, 

(j9)  Spezia  for  the  Italian  Naval  forces, 

(7)  Trapani,  Cagliari,  and  the  western  coast  of  Liguria  for 
lighter  units. 

Maddalena  shall  be  supplied  with  rations  for  one  month  for 
the  Austro-Hungarian  fleet;  a  corresponding  stock  of  fuel  and 
machinery  supplies  shall  be  kept  there  permanently. 

Annex  II9  contains  the  list  of  the  total  amount  of  supplies  re- 
quisite in  accordance  with  Section  6. 

7.  Defence  of  the  Adriatic.    For  the  defence  of  the  Adriatic 
there  shall  be  employed  the  naval  forces  enumerated  in  Annex  I, 
heading  B,  to  the  Supplementary  Agreement,  as  well  as  the 
naval  forces  normally  provided  for  the  local  defence  of  the  coasts. 

The  naval  forces  enumerated  in  Annex  I,  heading  B,  shall 
assemble  as  rapidly  as  possible,  as  follows: 

The  Austro-Hungarian  and  German  vessels  in  the  Gulf  of 
Cattaro, 

The  Italian  vessels  at  Brindisi. 

The  operations  in  the  Adriatic  shall  be  conducted  by  the  high- 
est ranking  officer  of  the  Allied  Naval  forces,  according  to  in- 
structions from  the  Commander-in-Chief,  who  shall  be  empow- 
ered to  reenforce,  or  to  withdraw  vessels  from,  the  Naval  forces 
in  that  region,  according  to  the  war  situation. 

8.  Attacks  on  French  Troop  Transports  from  North  Africa. 
Since  the  first  French  troop  transports  from  North  Africa  may 
be  expected  to  proceed  northward  from  the  main  embarkation 

•  Is  not  at  hand. 

10  "In  zweifelhaften  Fallen  ist  der  Gesamttonnengehalt  der  Streitmacht  bestim- 
mend  (vergleiche  Punkt  2  a  des  Marineiibereinkommens)."  Footnote  in  the  draft 
of  June  23  and  in  the  text  of  August  2,  1913. 


298  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

Philippeville,  Algier,  Oran-Mostaganem  und  Casablanca-Moga- 
dor  innerhalb  der  drei  ersten  Mobilmachungstage  zu  erwarten 
sind,  wird  Italien  sofort  eine  Beobachtung  der  nordafrikanischen 
Kiiste  durch  schnelle  Hilfskreuzer  einrichten.  Fiir  die  weitere 
Stoning  der  Truppennachschiibe  kommen  Unternehmungen 
leichter  Streitkrafte  von  Cagliari  (vergleiche  Punkt  4,  i.  Absatz 
des  Zusatziibereinkommens)  und  in  zweiter  Lime  von  Maddalena 
aus  in  Betracht. 

Die  gemeinsame  Leitung  dieser  Unternehmungen  erfolgt  von 
Cagliari  aus  durch  einen  von  Italien  zu  bestimmenden  Befehlsha- 
ber,  der  fur  diesen  Dienst  dem  Oberbefehlshaber  direkt  unterstellt 
ist.  Eventuell  wird  der  Oberbefehlshaber  auch  schnelle  Kreuzer 
fiir  die  Stoning  der  Truppentransporte  heranziehen  (vergleiche 
Punkt  5,  letzter  Absatz,  des  Zusatziibereinkommens). 

9.  Unterbindung  des  feindlichen  Handel s  im  Mittelmeere.    Zur 
Unterbindung   des   feindlichen  Handels   im   Mittelmeere   sind 
zunachst  Hilfskreuzer  in  Aussicht  zu  nehmen. 

Abgesehen  von  den  Massnahmen,  die  voraussichtlich  erst  in 
der  2.  Phase  des  Krieges  zur  Stoning  des  feindlichen  Handels  zu 
ergreifen  sind,  erscheint  eine  sofortige  Bewachung  des  Suezkanals 
und  der  Dardanellen  schon  bei  Kriegsausbruch  vorteilhaft. 

Die  fiir  den  Handelskrieg  notwendigen  Vorarbeiten  wird  der 
Oberbefehlshaber  schon  im  Frieden  einleiten. 

Die  Schiffe,  die  als  Hilfskreuzer  fiir  den  Handelskrieg  in  erster 
Linie  in  Betracht  kommen,  sind  aus  der  Anlage  III ll  des  Zusatz- 
iibereinkommens ersichtlich. 

Als  Stiitzpunkte  fiir  solche  Unternehmungen  kommen  im  6'st- 
lichen  Mittelmeere  Tarent,  der  Raum  um  Messina,  die  libysche 
Kiiste  (Tripolis,  Tobruk),  fiir  das  westliche  Mittelmeer  alle  im 
Punkt  6  des  Zusatziibereinkommens  genannten  Stiitzpunkte  in 
Betracht. 

10.  Heranziehung    von    Handelsfahrzeugen    der    verbiindeten 
Staaten  fiir  besondere  Verwendungen  im  Kriege.    Die  fiir  Kriegs- 
zwecke  heranzuziehenden  Handelsfahrzeuge  werden  unterschie- 
den  in: 

11  Is  not  at  hand. 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  299 

centres  of  Bona-Philippeville,  Algiers,  Oran-Mostagenem,  and 
Casablanca-Mogador  within  the  first  three  days  of  the  mobiliza- 
tion, Italy  shall  immediately  establish  a  patrol  off  the  North 
African  coast  with  fast  auxiliary  cruisers.  For  the  further  ob- 
struction of  the  sending  forward  of  troops  the  operations  of  light 
warships  from  Cagliari  (cf.  Section  4,  Paragraph  i  of  the  Supple- 
mentary Agreement),  and  secondarily  from  Maddalena,  are  in 
contemplation. 

The  joint  carrying  out  of  this  undertaking  shall  be  directed 
from  Cagliari  by  a  commander  to  be  appointed  by  Italy,  who 
shall  be  directly  subordinate  in  this  service  to  the  Commander-in- 
Chief.  The  Commander-in-Chief  also  shall  in  case  of  necessity 
despatch  fast  cruisers  for  the  interruption  of  the  troop  transports 
{cf.  Section  5,  last  paragraph,  of  the  Supplementary  Agreement) . 

9.  Cutting  o/  Enemy  Commerce  in  the  Mediterranean.  For 
cutting  off  enemy  commerce  in  the  Mediterranean  Auxiliary 
Cruisers  shall  first  be  employed. 

Apart  from  the  measures  which  will  probably  be  first  taken  in 
the  second  phase  of  the  war  for  the  obstruction  of  enemy  com- 
merce, it  would  appear  advantageous  to  establish  a  patrol  of  the 
Suez  Canal  and  the  Dardanelles  immediately  on  the  outbreak 
of  hostilities. 

The  necessary  preparations  for  commerce  destroying  shall 
be  made  in  time  of  peace  by  the  Commander-in-Chief. 

The  vessels  which  shall  primarily  be  available  as  auxiliary 
cruisers  for  commerce  destroying  are  enumerated  in  Annex  III11 
to  the  Supplementary  Agreement. 

As  bases  for  operations  of  this  nature  Taranto,  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Messina,  and  the  Libyan  coast  (Tripoli,  Tobruk)  are  in 
contemplation  in  the  Eastern  Mediterranean;  for  the  Western 
Mediterranean,  all  the  bases  enumerated  in  Section  6  of  the 
Supplementary  Agreement. 

i  o .  Utilization  of  Merchant  Vessels  of  the  A  Hied  States  for  Special 
War  Purposes.  The  Merchant  vessels  available  for  purposes  of 
war  shall  be  divided  into: 


300  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

a)  Hilfskreuzer  (Hilfskriegsschiffe), 

b)  Fahrzeuge  fiir  Trosszwecke  und  Truppentransporte, 

c)  Hospitalschiffe. 

Die  eingangs  genannten  Behorden  warden  Nachweisungen 
iiber  die  in  Frage  kommenden  Handelsfahrzeuge  austauschen  und 
die  naheren  Vereinbarungen  beziiglich  des  Benutzungsrechtes 
und  ihrer  Verwendung  im  direkten  Einvernehmen  festsetzen. 
Diese  Nachweisungen  und  Vereinbarungen  werden  dem  Zusatz- 
ubereinkommen  als  Anlage  III  beigefiigt,  und  wird  der  Ober- 
befehlshaber  fiir  deren  standige  Kurrenthaltung  Sorge  tragen. 

Die  unter  militarischem  Kommando  stehenden  Hilfskriegs- 
schiffe treten  unter  den  Befehl  des  altesten  Befehlshabers  der 
Seestreitkrafte  ihrer  Nation  im  Mittelmeer. 

Fiir  den  zur  osterreichisch-ungarischen  Flotte  gehorigen  Train 
sind  Messina  und  Maddalena  als  geeignete  Stiitzpunkte  anzu- 
sehen. 

Als  Hauptstiitzpunkte  fiir  die  Hospitalschiffe  der  verbiindeten 
Nationen  dienen  je  nach  der  Lage  des  Kriegsschauplatzes  Spezia, 
Neapel  oder  Tarent. 

Die  deutschen  Rhedereien  werden  anzuweisen  sein,  ihre  im 
Mittelmeer  befindlichen  Schiffe  bei  Kriegsausbruch  nach  italieni- 
schen  Hafen  zu  leiten,  und  zwar  die  Postdampfer  womoglich  nach 
Spezia,  die  iibrigen  Handelsfahrzeuge  nach  Tarent,  beziehungs- 
weise  anderen  italienischen  Hafen  ausschliesslich  Genua. 

Wien,  am  23.  Juni  1913. 

Im  Entwurfe  gezeichnet: 
Kohler  m.  p.  Cicoli  m.  p.  Conz  m.  p. 

Fiir  die  richtige  Abschrift: 
A.  Suchomel. 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  301 

(a)  Auxiliary  cruisers  (auxiliary  warships), 

(6)  Vessels  for  transporting  supples  and  troops, 

(c)  Hospital  ships. 

The  abovementioned  authorities  shall  exchange  indications  re- 
garding the  merchant  vessels  which  may  come  in  question,  and 
shall  reach  more  precise  agreements  by  direct  negotiation  with 
regard  to  the  right  of  utilizing  and  disposing  of  them.  These  in- 
dications and  agreements  shall  be  appended  to  the  Supplemen- 
tary Agreement  as  Annex  III.  The  Commander-in-Chief  shall 
be  responsible  for  keeping  it  constantly  up  to  date. 

Such  auxiliary  warships  as  are  under  military  command  shall 
be  under  the  orders  of  the  senior  commander  of  warships  of  their 
nationality  in  the  Mediterranean. 

For  the  supply  ships  belonging  to  the  Austro-Hungarian  fleet, 
Messina  and  Maddalena  shall  be  regarded  as  the  proper  bases. 

Spezia,  Naples,  or  Taranto,  according  to  the  location  of  the 
seat  of  war,  shall  serve  as  the  main  bases  for  the  hospital  ships  of 
the  Allied  Nations. 

The  German  shipowners  shall  be  instructed  to  bring  such  of 
their  vessels  as  may  be  in  the  Mediterranean  at  the  outbreak  of 
war  to  Italian  ports:  mail  boats  to  Spezia  whenever  possible,  the 
remaining  merchant  vessels  to  Taranto  or  other  Italian  harbors 
exclusive  of  Genoa. 

Vienna,  June  23,  1913. 

Signed  in  draft: 
Kohler  m.  p.  Cicoli  m.  p.  Conz  m.  p. 

For  the  true  copy: 
A.  Suchomel. 


302  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

Anlage  I. 

KRIEGSEINTEILUNG   DER    SEESTREITKR&FTE   DES 
DREIBUNDES  FttR  GEMEINSAME  OPERATIONEN. 

(Giiltig  fiir  das  Jahr  1914.) 

OBERBEFEHLSHABER  DER  VERBUNDETEN  SEESTREITKRAFTE: 
K.  u.  k.  osterreichisch-ungarischer  Admiral  Anton  Haus. 

A.    IM  MlTTELMEER. 

/.   Italien. 
I.  Geschwader: 

1.  Division:  Dante  Alighieri,  Giulio  Cesare,  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 
Aufklarungskreuzer :  Quarto. 

2.  Division:  Vittorio  Emanuele,  Regina  Elena,  Roma,  Napoli. 
Aufklarungskreuzer:  Nino  Bixio. 

II.  Geschwader: 

1.  Division:  San  Giorgio,  San  Marco,  Pisa,  Amain. 
Aufklarungskreuzer:  Marsala. 

2.  Division:  Garibaldi,  Varese,  Ferruccio. 
Aufklarungskreuzer:  Agordat. 

Division  fiir  besondere  Zwecke:  Benedetto  Brin,  Regina  Mar- 
gherita,  Emanuele  Filiberto,  Ammiraglio  di  St.  Bon. 
Aufklarungskreuzer:  Coatit. 

Torpedoflottillen : 

1 6  Torpedobootszerstorer  (6  a  1000  t,  10  a  700  t,  Typ  Indo- 
mito-Ardente) ; 

10  Torpedobootszerstorer  zu  450  t,  Typ  Bersagliere; 
24  Torpedoboote  zu  250  t,  Typ  Saffo,  Cigno; 
30  Torpedoboote  zu  33  Sm. 

//.   Osterreich-Ungarn. 
I.  Geschwader: 

1.  Division:  Viribus  unitis,  Tegetthoff,  Prinz  Eugen. 

2.  Division:  Erzherzog  Franz  Ferdinand,  Radetzky,  Zrinyi. 
i.  Kreuzerdi vision :  St.  Georg,  Kaiser  Karl  VI. 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  303 

Annex  I. 

DISTRIBUTION  IN  TIME  OF  WAR  OF  THE  NAVAL 

FORCES  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 

FOR  JOINT  OPERATIONS. 

(Valid  for  1914.) 

COMMANDER-m-CHIEF  OF   THE  ALLIED   NAVAL  FORCES: 

The  Imperial  and  Royal  Austro-Hungarian  Admiral  Anton  Haus. 
A.  IN  THE  MEDITERRANEAN. 

I.  Italy. 

ist  Squadron: 

ist  Division:  Dante  Alighieri,  Giulio  Cesare,  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 

Scout  Cruiser:  Quarto. 

2d  Division:  Vittorio  Emanuele,  Regina  Elena,  Roma,  Napoli. 
Scout  Cruiser:  Nino  Bixio. 

2d  Squadron: 
ist  Division:  San  Giorgio,  San  Marco,  Pisa,  Amalfi. 

Scout  Cruiser:  Marsala. 
2d  Division:  Garibaldi,  Varese,  Ferruccio. 

Scout  Cruiser:  Agordat. 
Division  for  Special  Purposes:  Benedetto  Brin,  Regina  Marghe- 

rita,  Emanuele  Filiberto,  Ammiraglio  di  St.  Bon. 
Scout  Cruiser:  Coatit. 

Torpedo  Flotillas: 
16  Torpedo  boat  destroyers  (6  of  1000  tons,  10  of  700  tons, 

Indomito-Ardente  type) ; 

10  Torpedo  boat  destroyers  of  450  tons,  Bersagliere  type; 
24  Torpedo  boats  of  250  tons,  Saffo-Cigno  type; 
30  Torpedo  boats  of  33  sea  miles. 

II.  Austria-Hungary. 

ist  Squadron: 

ist  Division:  Viribus  Unitis,  Tegetthoff,  Prinz  Eugen. 
2d  Division:  Erzherzog  Franz  Ferdinand,  Radetzky,  Zrinyi. 
ist  Cruiser  Division:  St.  Georg,  Kaiser  Karl  VI. 


304  NAVAL  AGREEMENT 

II.  Geschwader: 

3.  Division:  Erzherzog  Karl,  Erzherzog  Friedrich,  Erzherzog 
Ferdinand  Max. 

4.  Division:  Habsburg,  Arpad,  Babenberg. 

2.  Kreuzerdivision:  Spaun,  Helgoland,  Saida,  Novara. 

Torpedoflottillen : 

6  Torpedobootszerstorer  zu  800  t,  Typ  Tatra; 
12  Torpedobootzerstorer  zu  400  t,  Typ  Huszar; 
12  Torpedoboote  zu  200  t,  Typ  Kaiman. 

///.   Deutschland.12 

Kreuzerdivision  (dem  Oberbefehlshaber  direkt  unterstellt) : 
Goeben,  Strassburg,  Breslau,  Dresden. 

B.  IN  DER  ADRIA. 

7.  Italien. 

Vettor  Pisani,  Carlo  Alberto,  Marco  Polo,  Dandolo. 
Aufklarungskreuzer:  Piemonte,  Libia. 
6  Torpedobootszerstorer  und  einige  Torpedodivisionen. 

II.  Oslerreich-Ungarn. 

Monarch,  Wien,  Budapest. 
Maria  Theresia,  Kaiser  Franz  Joseph  I. 
Zenta,  Aspern,  Szigetvar. 

12  Torpedoboote  zu  200  t,  Typ  Kaiman,  einige  Torpedo- 
divisionen aus  alteren  Einheiten. 

///.  Deutschland. 

Schulschiffe  und  altere  Kreuzer,  die  sich  im  Mittelmeer  auf- 
halten  sollten. 

Kohler  m.  p.  Cicoli  m.  p.  Conz  m.  p. 

Fiir  die  richtige  Abschrift: 

A.  Suchomel. 

12  Here  there  stands  as  a  footnote  in  the  draft  of  June  23  and  the  text  of  August 
2,  1913:  "Fur  die  Seestreitkrafte  Deutschlands  wurde  deren  Verteilung  im  Mittel- 
meer Mitte  1913  aufgenommen,  da  jene  fur  1914  noch  nicht  bekannt  ist." 


NAVAL  AGREEMENT  305 

2d  Squadron: 
3d  Division:    Erzherzog  Karl,  Erzherzog  Friedrich,  Erzherzog 

Ferdinand  Max. 

4th  Division:  Habsburg,  Arpad,  Babenberg. 
2d  Cruiser  Division:  Spaun,  Helgoland,  Saida,  Novara. 

Torpedo  Flotillas: 

6  Torpedo  boat  destroyers  of  800  tons,  Tatra  type; 
12  Torpedo  boat  destroyers  of  400  tons,  Huszar  type; 
12  Torpedo  boats  of  200  tons,  Kaiman  type. 

///.  Germany. 

Cruiser  Division  (directly  subordinate  to  the  Commander-in- 
Chief):  Goeben,  Strassburg,  Breslau,  Dresden. 

B.   IN  THE  ADRIATIC. 

/.  Italy. 

Vettor  Pisani,  Carlo  Alberto,  Marco  Polo,  Dandolo. 
Scout  Cruisers:  Piemonte,  Libia. 
6  Torpedo  boat  destroyers  and  several  Torpedo  Divisions. 

II.  Austria-Hungary. 
Monarch,  Wien,  Budapest. 
Maria  Theresia,  Kaiser  Franz  Joseph  I. 
Zenta,  Aspern,  Szigetvar. 

1 2  Torpedo  boats  of  200  tons,  Kaiman  type,  and  several  Torpedo 
Divisions  of  older  units. 

///.  Germany. 
School  ships  and  older  cruisers  which  may  be  stationed  in  the 

Mediterranean. 

Kohler  m.  p.  Cicoli  m.  p.  Conz  m.  p. 

For  the  true  copy: 

A.  Suchomel. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES 


This  Index  applies  primarily  to  the  translations.  References  in  the  text  may 
be  found  by  comparison  with  the  translations. 

For  the  treaty-making  powers,  see  Contents,  pp.  xiii-xvii.  But  references  to 
England  and  Russia  in  treaties  between  other  powers  are  indexed  below. 

Names  of  ports  and  ships  comprised  in  the  Naval  Agreement  of  1913  (pp.  282- 
305)  are  not  indexed. 

Adriatic  Sea,  95,  109,  in,  155,  197,  225,    Charles  I  of  Rumania,  179,  181. 


243,  249- 
Aegean  Sea,  95,  103,  109,  in,  155,  225, 

243,  249- 

Aehrenthal,  239,  241,  243. 
Albania,  189,  193,  197,  199,  257. 
Alexander  II,  29,  31. 
Alexandrovo,  29. 
Andrdssy,  19,  21,  25,  27,  31. 
Asia  Minor,  127,  129,  133. 
Athens,  44,  note. 
Avarna,  241,  243,  245,  255,  257,  259. 

Balkan  Peninsula,  39,  43,  109,  155,  185, 
187,  189,  191,  193,  225,  237,  241,  249, 
277. 

Beccaria-Incisa,  213,  215. 

Belgrade,  44,  note. 

Belimarkowic',  141. 

Berchem,  83,  85. 

Berchtold,  245,  255,  257,  259. 

Berlin,  Congress  (Peace,  Treaty)  of,  23, 
39,  4i,  43,  128,  189,  193,  241,  277. 

Bismarck,  Count  Herbert,  275,  279,  281. 

Bismarck,  Prince  Otto,  19,  21,  25,  35,  37, 

4i,  47,  73,  9i,  93,  i°5,  i°7,  "5- 
Black  Sea,  95,  103,  189,  279. 
Bosnia,  43,  51,  53,  189,  193. 
Bosphorus,  39,  187,  193,  277. 
Bucharest,  44,  note. 
Biilow,  169,  171,  217,  221,  231,  233. 
Bulgaria,  43,  45,  125,  129,  131,  277,  279. 
Busch,  49. 


Caliphate,  the,  125,  129,  131. 
Caprivi,  151,  161,  163. 
Cettinje,  44,  note. 


Cicoli,  291,  301,  305. 

Constantinople,  44,  note,  187,  189. 

Conz,  291,  301,  305. 

Corti,  95,  96,  99,  103. 

Curtopassi,  173. 

Cyrenaica,  97,  157,  227,  233,  257. 

Dardanelles,  39,  187,  193,  277. 
Depretis,  121. 
Dubsky,  149. 

East,  the,  129.    See  Orient. 

Eastern  Rumelia,  43,  277. 

Egypt,  95,  113,  157,  227. 

England,  69,  71,  73,  157,  161,  163,  227, 

231,  255,  257. 
Euxine  Sea,  see  Black  Sea. 

Fasciotti,  269,  273. 

France,  67,  113,  117,  143,  153,  157,  159, 

223,  227,  229,  247,  251,  253,  275. 
Francis  Joseph,  185,  191. 
Fiirstenberg,  261,  265,  267,  269,  271,  273. 

Gohichowski,   165,   169,  171,  173,  177, 

191,  193,  195,  197,  199. 
Goriainov,  275,  note. 
Guicciardini,  243. 

Haus,  Anton,  291,  303. 
Haymerle,  34,  note,  44,  note,  57. 
Hengelmiiller,  135,  139. 
Herbert-Rathkeal,  51,  55. 
Herzegovina,  43,  51,  53,  189,  193. 


Janina,  189. 
307 


308 


Kallay,  57,  63. 


INDEX   OF   NAMES 

Pallavicini,  203,  207,  209,  211,  213,  215 


Kalnoky,  65,  69,  75,  77,  79,  85,  87,  89, 

103,  123. 

Kdrolyi,  99,  101,  102,  127. 
Kiderlen-Waechter,  209,  211. 
Kohler,  291,  301,  305. 

Lahovary,  165,  169,  171. 

Lamsdorff,  239. 

Lanza,  221,  231,  233. 

Launay,  105,  107,  109,  in,  115,  151, 

161,  163. 

Liechtenstein,  Prince,  185,  195. 
London,  Convention  of,  187. 

Macedonia,  45. 

Maffei,  117,  119,  121,  145,  147,  149. 

Majoresco,  263,  265,  267,  269. 

Mancini,  71. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  95,  96,  97,  99,  101, 
102,  103,  113,  117,  128,  143,  157,  163, 
227,  231,  251,  253,  257,  283-305. 

Mijatovich,  51,  55,  135,  139. 

Milan  I  of  Serbia,  57-61,  137. 

Montenegro,  137. 

Monza,  197,  199. 

Moret,  119. 

Morocco,  113,  147,  163,  231,  257. 

Muravieff,  185,  187,  191,  195. 

Nicholas  II,  185. 

Nigra,  85,  89,  121,  133,  197,  199. 

North  Africa,  97,  113,  117,  143,  157,  161, 

227,  231,  251,  253,  257. 
Novibazar,  43,  51,  53,  55,  189,  193,  241, 

257- 

Obrenovitch  dynasty,  137. 

Orient,  the,  45,  101,  in,  125,  131,  155, 

161,  185,  225,  231,  233,  249,  257. 
Orloff,  91,  93. 
Ottoman  Empire,  see  Turkey. 


Paris,  Treaty  of,  187. 
Pasetti,  183,  199,  233,  235. 
Pirotchanaz,  59,  63. 
Prinetti,  235. 
Protitch,  141. 

Reuss,  Prince,  27,  31,  65,  69,  75,  77,  in, 

note. 

Ristitch,  141. 
Robilant,  65,  69,  96. 
Russia,  23,  25,  27,  29,  33. 

Sabouroff,  37,  41,  47,  49. 

Salisbury,  95,  96,  99,  101,  103,  125,  127. 

Schouvaloff,  275,  279,  281. 

Scutari,  Lake  of,  189. 

Sofia,  44,  note. 

Straits,  the,  39,  125,  127,  128,  129,  131, 

133,   187,    189,    193,    277.     See  Bos- 

phorus,  Dardanelles. 
Sturdza,  79,  85,  177,  205,  207,  209,  211. 
Suchomel,  291,  301,  305. 
Sz6chenyi,  37,  41,  47,  49,  91,  93,  105,  107, 

in,  115,  151,  161,  163. 
Szogygny,  181,  217,  219,  221,  231,  233. 

Tetuan,  Duke  of,  145,  147. 

Tripoli,  Tripolitania,  97,  113,  157,  227, 
233,  251,  257. 

Tschirschky,  245,  255,  257,  259. 

Tunisia,  157,  227,  251. 

Turkey,  37,  39,  43,  93,  "i,  125,  127- 
131,  133,  137,  i5S,  161,  197,  225,  231, 
239,  241,  243,  249,  257,  277. 

Vardar,  the,  137. 
Visconti-Venosta,  183,  199,  201. 

Wad  Ras,  Treaty  of,  147. 
Waldthausen,  267,  269. 
Winter  Palace,  the,  185. 


PRINTED  AT 

THE  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.,  V.  S.  A. 


Date  Due 


4BM8W 

BflpL^.~« 

:•;>! 

\S6Z 

MAR  2 

8  1962 

OCT  2  4 

1962 

SEP  2 

7  1962 

APF.  2  £ 

1964 

APR  2  7 

1964  3 

FEB     4 

H6S 

JAN  lo 

ress 

DEC  11 

1  1967 

!    ' 

i  d  C  i     \  i 

Library  Bureau  Cat.  No.  1137 

A«TvT        '"  i  i  ii  l  I II I 
001  085  289     5 


